Nokea
Endocrine system consists of ductless glands which secrete:
- A. Enzymes
- B. Hormones
- C. Electrolytes
- D. Chemicals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hormones. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control metabolism, growth, development, mood, and other physiological processes. Enzymes (choice A) are not secreted by the endocrine system but by exocrine glands. Electrolytes (choice C) are ions essential for various bodily functions but are not directly secreted by glands of the endocrine system. Choice D, chemicals, is too broad and vague as all substances can be considered chemicals.
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What is the definition of a gene?
- A. all the DNA in a cell that controls metabolic reactions
- B. a length of DNA that codes for a protein
- C. the nucleus and its chromosomes
- D. all the DNA in a cell that determines the inheritance of sex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: a length of DNA that codes for a protein. Genes are specific sequences of DNA that encode instructions for building proteins. This is the fundamental role of genes in the process of protein synthesis. Choice A is incorrect because not all DNA in a cell controls metabolic reactions; some DNA is non-coding. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the entire nucleus and its contents, not just the gene. Choice D is incorrect as genes do not solely determine the inheritance of sex; they also code for other traits. In summary, the definition of a gene as a segment of DNA that codes for a protein aligns with the known function and role of genes in genetics and molecular biology.
With regard to carbohydrate digestion:
- A. salivary amylase works best at alkaline pH
- B. approximately 40% of adult Europeans are lactose intolerant
- C. oligosaccharidase deficiency results in osmotic diarrhoea
- D. salivary amylase continues to digest carbohydrates in the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C being correct:
1. Oligosaccharidase deficiency impairs breakdown of oligosaccharides in the small intestine.
2. Undigested oligosaccharides draw water into the intestines, causing osmotic diarrhea.
3. This leads to increased fluid content in the stool, resulting in osmotic diarrhea.
4. This process does not involve salivary amylase or lactose intolerance.
Growth hormone:
- A. is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- B. stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
- C. is also called somatotropic hormone.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because growth hormone is indeed secreted by the adenohypophysis, it stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system, and it is also known as somatotropic hormone. All the statements in choices A, B, and C are true regarding growth hormone, making option D the correct choice. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the functions and characteristics of growth hormone as described in the question.
A 35-year-old female presents to your office for a regular check-up. Her only complaint is recurrent migraine headaches, which have increased in frequency over the years. On examination, her blood pressure is elevated at 150/70. You decide to start her on antihypertensive therapy that is also used for prophylaxis of migraines. Which medication is it?
- A. Clonidine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Hydrochlorothiazide
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Propranolol. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that is commonly used for migraine prophylaxis. It helps reduce the frequency and severity of migraines by blocking the action of adrenaline on blood vessels in the brain. In this case, the patient has elevated blood pressure and migraines, so starting her on propranolol can address both issues effectively.
Choice A: Clonidine is an alpha-2 agonist used for hypertension, but it is not commonly used for migraine prophylaxis.
Choice B: Prazosin is an alpha-1 blocker primarily used for the treatment of hypertension, but it is not typically used for migraine prophylaxis.
Choice C: Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic used for hypertension by reducing blood volume, but it is not effective for migraine prophylaxis.
In summary, propranolol is the most appropriate choice as it addresses both the elevated blood pressure and the recurrent
Steroid hormones _____________________.
- A. bind to a receptor inside the target cell
- B. are made from cholesterol
- C. cause the cell to make new proteins
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroid hormones bind to a receptor inside the target cell, are made from cholesterol, and cause the cell to make new proteins. This is known as the mechanism of steroid hormone action. Choice A is correct as steroid hormones need to bind to intracellular receptors to exert their effects. Choice B is also correct as steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. Choice C is correct as one of the main actions of steroid hormones is to regulate gene expression and induce the synthesis of new proteins within the cell. Therefore, all of these statements are true regarding steroid hormones, making choice D the correct answer.