Nokea
Where Are Islets of Langerhans Found?
- A. Anterior pituitary
- B. Cortex
- C. Spleen
- D. Endocrine pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas that regulate blood sugar levels. Choice D, Endocrine pancreas, is correct because the Islets of Langerhans are specifically located in the pancreas. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the Islets of Langerhans are not found in the anterior pituitary, cortex, or spleen. The pancreas is the primary organ associated with blood sugar regulation, making it the correct location for the Islets of Langerhans.
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Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Thyroid
- C. Thymus
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it plays a crucial role in regulating other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. The other choices, thyroid, thymus, and hypothalamus, are important glands as well, but they do not have the same broad control over the endocrine system as the pituitary gland. The thyroid regulates metabolism, thymus is involved in immune function, and hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst. However, none of these glands have the overall regulatory function and influence on other glands as the pituitary gland does.
The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes
- A. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
- B. human growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
- C. prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone
- D. glucocorticoids and androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The posterior pituitary gland stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions and milk ejection.
3. ADH regulates water balance by controlling urine concentration.
4. These hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
5. Choice A is correct as it accurately identifies the hormones stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because human growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone are not stored or secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is incorrect because prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary.
- Choice D is incorrect because glucocorticoids and androgens are not stored or secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Vasopressin
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Aldosterone. Aldosterone directly influences the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, leading to increased Na+ excretion. Progesterone (A) does not have a significant effect on Na+ excretion. Cortisol (B) mainly affects glucose metabolism and has minimal impact on Na+ excretion. Vasopressin (C) primarily regulates water reabsorption, not Na+ excretion. Therefore, Aldosterone has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion due to its specific role in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is the half-life of the isotope?
- A. 80s
- B. 100s
- C. 200s
- D. 2400s
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (80s) because the half-life of an isotope is the time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei to decay. In this case, it takes 80 seconds for half of the nuclei to decay. The other choices (B, C, D) are incorrect as they do not represent the correct time interval required for half of the nuclei to decay.
What should the goals of nutrition therapy for the patient with type 2 diabetes include?
- A. Ideal body weight
- B. Normal serum glucose and lipid levels
- C. A special diabetic diet using dietetic foods
- D. Five small meals per day with a bedtime snack
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary goal is to maintain normal glucose and lipid levels and to achieve a healthy body weight.