Nokea
A clinic nurse wants to evaluate the effectiveness of her health teaching about diet and insulin administration. Which of the following observations during the patient's next clinic visit would indicate that the patient had learned what she had been taught?
- A. A weight gain of 6 lb
- B. An elevated blood glucose
- C. Urine test negative for sugar and acetone
- D. Beginning hypertrophy at an injection site
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A negative urine test for sugar and acetone would show that the patient has learned proper insulin administration and diet management.
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Which of the following is not a parasympatholytic drug:
- A. Atropine
- B. Propantheline
- C. Pirenzepine
- D. Edrophonium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edrophonium, because it is not a parasympatholytic drug but rather a parasympathomimetic drug used for diagnosing myasthenia gravis. Atropine (A), Propantheline (B), and Pirenzepine (C) are all parasympatholytic drugs that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by blocking acetylcholine receptors. Atropine is a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, Propantheline is an antimuscarinic drug used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, and Pirenzepine is a selective M1 receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid secretion. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it does not belong to the category of parasympatholytic drugs.
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
- A. enzymes
- B. antibodies
- C. proteins
- D. hormones
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hormones. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolic functions in other cells. They act as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target tissues. Enzymes (A) are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. Antibodies (B) are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens. Proteins (C) are essential macromolecules for various cellular functions but do not specifically regulate metabolic functions in other cells like hormones do.
Mr. D, a 60-year-old male with hypothyroidism, is being discharged on levothyroxine therapy. Which of the following symptoms would indicate that he needs immediate follow-up care?
- A. Dry skin
- B. Cold intolerance
- C. Chest pain
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chest pain could be a sign of angina or other cardiac issues, and it warrants immediate evaluation in a patient with hypothyroidism, especially if on thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
The inferior suprarenal artery arises from which of the following?
- A. Abdominal aorta
- B. Renal artery
- C. Inferior phrenic artery
- D. Splenic artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Renal artery. The inferior suprarenal artery arises from the renal artery, which supplies blood to the adrenal gland. This is anatomically accurate as the adrenal gland is located superior to the kidneys. The other choices (A: Abdominal aorta, C: Inferior phrenic artery, D: Splenic artery) do not supply blood directly to the adrenal gland. The abdominal aorta gives rise to the renal artery, the inferior phrenic artery supplies blood to the diaphragm, and the splenic artery provides blood to the spleen. Therefore, they are not the correct origin of the inferior suprarenal artery.
There are two simple ways to lower blood pressure: (1) reduce the cardiac contractility, and (2) inhibit sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction. Which one of the following drugs can lower blood pressure by both mechanisms?
- A. Albuterol
- B. Atropine
- C. Labetalol
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Labetalol is a non-selective beta-blocker that reduces cardiac contractility by blocking beta-1 receptors and inhibits sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction by blocking alpha-1 receptors. Albuterol (A) is a beta-2 agonist, which increases cardiac contractility. Atropine (B) is a muscarinic antagonist, which increases heart rate and does not affect vasoconstriction. Isoproterenol (D) is a non-selective beta agonist, which increases cardiac contractility and vasodilation. Thus, C (Labetalol) is the only drug that can lower blood pressure by both mechanisms.