Nokea
Bronzing:
- A. always accompanies hyperglycemia.
- B. is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.
- C. is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
- D. is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
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All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Growth hormone
- B. Follicle stimulating hormone
- C. Parthormone
- D. Thyroid stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parthormone. The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones such as Growth hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, and Thyroid stimulating hormone, but not Parthormone. Parthormone is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary gland. Parathormone plays a key role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as it does not belong to the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Which colour change is observed when water is added to anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride?
- A. blue to white
- B. blue to pink
- C. white to blue
- D. pink to blue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: blue to pink. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, and when water is added, it forms a pink hexahydrate complex. This color change occurs because water molecules replace the chloride ions in the crystal lattice, resulting in the formation of the pink complex. Choice A (blue to white) is incorrect because the addition of water does not change the color to white. Choice C (white to blue) is incorrect as anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue to begin with. Choice D (pink to blue) is incorrect as the addition of water causes the color change from blue to pink, not the other way around.
Regarding fat metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate
- B. fatty acids are transported in the plasma bound to lipoprotein complexes
- C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway
- D. eicosanoids are synthesised from cholesterol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway. HDLs are responsible for picking up excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transporting it back to the liver for excretion. This process helps regulate cholesterol levels in the body.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to increased fatty acid breakdown, not a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate.
B: Fatty acids are primarily transported in the bloodstream bound to albumin, not lipoprotein complexes.
D: Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid, not cholesterol.
Where Are Islets of Langerhans Found?
- A. Anterior pituitary
- B. Cortex
- C. Spleen
- D. Endocrine pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas that regulate blood sugar levels. Choice D, Endocrine pancreas, is correct because the Islets of Langerhans are specifically located in the pancreas. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the Islets of Langerhans are not found in the anterior pituitary, cortex, or spleen. The pancreas is the primary organ associated with blood sugar regulation, making it the correct location for the Islets of Langerhans.
Some medications for relief of cold/allergy symptoms contain pseudoephedrine, which acts as a decongestant. If a patient who is taking an MAO inhibitor takes pseudoephedrine, what is the likely outcome?
- A. Acute bronchospasm/asthma due to ACh release from the adrenal medulla
- B. Hypertensive crisis, possible stroke
- C. Heart rate and contractile force would drop significantly and quickly
- D. The cold symptoms would quickly get worse (increased secretions)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: MAO inhibitors prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine.
Step 2: Pseudoephedrine stimulates the release of norepinephrine.
Step 3: The combination can lead to excessive norepinephrine, causing hypertension and potential stroke.
Therefore, the likely outcome when a patient taking an MAO inhibitor also takes pseudoephedrine is a hypertensive crisis and possible stroke (Choice B).
Summary:
- Choice A (acute bronchospasm/asthma due to ACh release from the adrenal medulla) is incorrect because pseudoephedrine does not directly cause this response.
- Choice C (heart rate and contractile force would drop significantly and quickly) is incorrect as pseudoephedrine tends to increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- Choice D (the cold symptoms would quickly get worse - increased secretions) is incorrect as pseudoephedrine is a decongestant and would not worsen cold symptoms