Nokea
Which of the following is not a parasympatholytic drug:
- A. Atropine
- B. Propantheline
- C. Pirenzepine
- D. Edrophonium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edrophonium, because it is not a parasympatholytic drug but rather a parasympathomimetic drug used for diagnosing myasthenia gravis. Atropine (A), Propantheline (B), and Pirenzepine (C) are all parasympatholytic drugs that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by blocking acetylcholine receptors. Atropine is a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, Propantheline is an antimuscarinic drug used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, and Pirenzepine is a selective M1 receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid secretion. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it does not belong to the category of parasympatholytic drugs.
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Which of these is not an endocrine property?
- A. hormones reach targets through the blood
- B. effects are slow and cyclic
- C. rapid acting effects
- D. effects caused by chemicals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rapid acting effects. Endocrine properties involve hormones reaching targets through the blood, causing slow and cyclic effects. Rapid acting effects are more characteristic of the nervous system, not the endocrine system. Endocrine effects are caused by chemicals, so choice D is incorrect.
The most appropriate drug for treating myasthenia gravis is:
- A. Neostigmine
- B. Pilocarpine
- C. Succinylcholine
- D. Tubocurarine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neostigmine is the correct choice for treating myasthenia gravis as it is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that increases acetylcholine levels, improving muscle strength. Pilocarpine is a muscarinic agonist used for glaucoma. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used for intubation. Tubocurarine is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
- A. Stimulates cellular absorption of glucose.
- B. Stimulates cellular usage of glucose for energy.
- C. Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen.
- D. Lowers blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because insulin does not stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen, not its breakdown. A, B, and D are incorrect because insulin does stimulate cellular absorption of glucose, usage of glucose for energy, and lowers blood glucose levels, respectively. Insulin's main role is to facilitate the uptake and storage of glucose, not its breakdown.
Mr. D, a 60-year-old male with hypothyroidism, is being discharged on levothyroxine therapy. Which of the following symptoms would indicate that he needs immediate follow-up care?
- A. Dry skin
- B. Cold intolerance
- C. Chest pain
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chest pain could be a sign of angina or other cardiac issues, and it warrants immediate evaluation in a patient with hypothyroidism, especially if on thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________.
- A. adipose tissue
- B. heart
- C. liver
- D. hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: adipose tissue. Resistin is primarily produced by adipose tissue and is known to antagonize the action of insulin, leading to insulin resistance. Adipose tissue is a major source of various hormones, including resistin.
Option B: heart, and Option C: liver, are not the correct answers because resistin is not known to be produced by these organs.
Option D: hypothalamus, is also not the correct answer as resistin is not produced by the hypothalamus.
In summary, the correct answer is A because resistin is primarily produced by adipose tissue, which plays a significant role in insulin resistance.