Nokea
The following drug can be used in prophylaxis of migraine:
- A. Noradrenaline
- B. Amphetamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol is the correct answer for migraine prophylaxis due to its beta-blocking properties, reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. This helps prevent migraine attacks. Noradrenaline and amphetamine increase sympathetic activity, exacerbating migraines. Ergotamine is used for acute migraine attacks, not prophylaxis.
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Bronzing:
- A. always accompanies hyperglycemia.
- B. is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.
- C. is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
- D. is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
A patient presents with an anaphylactic reaction following a bee sting. Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating the multiple cardiovascular and pulmonary problems that, if not promptly corrected, could lead to the patient’s death?
- A. Atropine
- B. Diphenhydramine
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylactic reactions due to its ability to rapidly reverse the cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms. It acts by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening up the airways, which helps counteract the potentially life-threatening effects of anaphylaxis. Atropine (A) is used for bradycardia, Diphenhydramine (B) for mild allergic reactions, and Isoproterenol (D) for bradycardia or heart block. Epinephrine is the most appropriate choice in this scenario due to its immediate and broad-spectrum effects in managing anaphylactic reactions.
Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
- A. Stimulates cellular absorption of glucose.
- B. Stimulates cellular usage of glucose for energy.
- C. Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen.
- D. Lowers blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because insulin does not stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen, not its breakdown. A, B, and D are incorrect because insulin does stimulate cellular absorption of glucose, usage of glucose for energy, and lowers blood glucose levels, respectively. Insulin's main role is to facilitate the uptake and storage of glucose, not its breakdown.
Which patient should the nurse plan to teach how to prevent or delay the development of diabetes?
- A. An obese 50-year-old Hispanic woman
- B. A child whose father has type 1 diabetes
- C. A 34-year-old woman whose parents both have type 2 diabetes
- D. A 12-year-old boy whose father has maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An obese 50-year-old Hispanic woman is at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and would benefit from education on prevention.
A floor nurse pages you about a patient who is having chest pain. You order an electrocardiogram and rush to see the patient. He describes the pain as tight pressure and is demonstrably sweating and gasping for air. The ECG comes back with acute ST-segment elevations in inferior leads, and you diagnose a myocardial infarction. You start giving the patient oxygen and give him sublingual nitroglycerin and morphine for pain. You also give him another medication, which you have read may prolong his survival in this situation. What class of medication is it?
- A. β-Blocker
- B. α-Agonist
- C. Muscarinic agonist
- D. Neuromuscular blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: β-Blocker. β-Blockers are indicated in the management of myocardial infarction as they help reduce myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing heart rate, blood pressure, and contractility. This results in less strain on the heart muscle and can improve survival outcomes. Additionally, β-blockers can prevent arrhythmias and reduce the risk of recurrent infarction. In this scenario, where the patient is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevations, the use of a β-blocker is crucial in managing the condition and improving the patient's prognosis.
Summary of other choices:
B: α-Agonist - Not indicated in the management of myocardial infarction.
C: Muscarinic agonist - Not indicated in the management of myocardial infarction.
D: Neuromuscular blocker - Not indicated in the management of myocardial infarction.