Nokea
Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ?
- A. pituitary
- B. hypothalamus
- C. pancreas
- D. adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ because it produces and releases hormones that regulate the pituitary gland's hormonal secretion. It acts as a bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system, controlling various physiological processes. The pituitary gland (choice A) is a master endocrine gland, not a neuroendocrine organ. The pancreas (choice C) is an exocrine and endocrine gland involved in blood sugar regulation. The adrenal cortex (choice D) is part of the adrenal glands responsible for producing steroid hormones, not considered a neuroendocrine organ.
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Which of these is not an endocrine property?
- A. hormones reach targets through the blood
- B. effects are slow and cyclic
- C. rapid acting effects
- D. effects caused by chemicals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rapid acting effects. Endocrine properties involve hormones reaching targets through the blood, causing slow and cyclic effects. Rapid acting effects are more characteristic of the nervous system, not the endocrine system. Endocrine effects are caused by chemicals, so choice D is incorrect.
How much gastric juice is secreted daily?
- A. 1.5 litres
- B. 3 litres
- C. 4 litres
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (3 litres). The average adult human stomach secretes about 2-3 liters of gastric juice per day. This amount is necessary for the effective digestion of food, as gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus. Option A (1.5 litres) is too low for daily gastric juice secretion. Option C (4 litres) is too high and could lead to hypersecretion or other digestive issues. Option D is incomplete and does not provide a valid answer. Therefore, option B is the most accurate in reflecting the average daily secretion of gastric juice.
Adonis arrives at the gym and spots a dumbbell he wants to use. When attempting to lift the weight, his biceps brachii contract, but the weight is not moved because it is too heavy. This is called?
- A. Isometric contraction
- B. Concentric contraction
- C. Eccentric contraction
- D. Incomplete tetanus
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isometric contraction. In isometric contraction, the muscle contracts but there is no movement at the joint. In this scenario, Adonis's biceps brachii contract but the weight is not moved, indicating an isometric contraction. In concentric contraction (B), the muscle shortens to move the weight upward. In eccentric contraction (C), the muscle lengthens while under tension, controlling the descent of the weight. Incomplete tetanus (D) refers to a state where muscle fibers are stimulated rapidly but not at the maximum rate to produce sustained contractions.
A clinic nurse wants to evaluate the effectiveness of her health teaching about diet and insulin administration. Which of the following observations during the patient's next clinic visit would indicate that the patient had learned what she had been taught?
- A. A weight gain of 6 lb
- B. An elevated blood glucose
- C. Urine test negative for sugar and acetone
- D. Beginning hypertrophy at an injection site
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A negative urine test for sugar and acetone would show that the patient has learned proper insulin administration and diet management.
A patient presents with weight loss, polyphagia, polydypsia, increased tiredness, vomiting, and hyperventilation. He is young and his parents are also diagnosed with the same disease. Which of the following is the most common etiological factor associated with this disease seen in older populations?
- A. Smoking
- B. Obesity
- C. Hypertension
- D. Infections
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Obesity. In the given case, the patient most likely has type 1 diabetes, which commonly presents with the symptoms described. The genetic predisposition mentioned (parents diagnosed) also suggests type 1 diabetes. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which is more common in older populations. Therefore, the most common etiological factor associated with diabetes in older populations is obesity.
A: Smoking is a risk factor for various diseases, but not typically associated with diabetes.
C: Hypertension is a common comorbidity with diabetes, but not a direct etiological factor.
D: Infections can sometimes trigger type 1 diabetes, but it is not the most common etiological factor associated with the disease in older populations.