Nokea
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
- A. enzymes
- B. antibodies
- C. proteins
- D. hormones
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hormones. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolic functions in other cells. They act as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target tissues. Enzymes (A) are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. Antibodies (B) are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens. Proteins (C) are essential macromolecules for various cellular functions but do not specifically regulate metabolic functions in other cells like hormones do.
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PTH activates vitamin D, which aids in the absorption of:
- A. calcium.
- B. Vitamin C.
- C. iron.
- D. phosphate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcium. PTH (parathyroid hormone) activates vitamin D, which in turn helps in the absorption of calcium in the intestines. This is crucial for maintaining bone health and normal calcium levels in the blood. Vitamin C (Choice B) is not directly related to PTH or vitamin D in calcium absorption. Iron (Choice C) absorption is influenced by factors other than PTH and vitamin D. Phosphate (Choice D) absorption is primarily regulated by fibroblast growth factor 23 and not by PTH or vitamin D. Thus, the correct answer is A as it directly corresponds to the role of PTH and vitamin D in calcium absorption.
A patient presents with weight loss, polyphagia, polydypsia, increased tiredness, vomiting, and hyperventilation. He is young and his parents are also diagnosed with the same disease. Which of the following is the most common etiological factor associated with this disease seen in older populations?
- A. Smoking
- B. Obesity
- C. Hypertension
- D. Infections
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Obesity. In the given case, the patient most likely has type 1 diabetes, which commonly presents with the symptoms described. The genetic predisposition mentioned (parents diagnosed) also suggests type 1 diabetes. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which is more common in older populations. Therefore, the most common etiological factor associated with diabetes in older populations is obesity.
A: Smoking is a risk factor for various diseases, but not typically associated with diabetes.
C: Hypertension is a common comorbidity with diabetes, but not a direct etiological factor.
D: Infections can sometimes trigger type 1 diabetes, but it is not the most common etiological factor associated with the disease in older populations.
During assessment of the patient with acromegaly, what should the nurse expect the patient to report?
- A. Infertility
- B. Dry, irritated skin
- C. Undesirable changes in appearance
- D. An increase in height of 2 to 3 inches a year
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with acromegaly commonly report undesirable changes in appearance due to facial and extremity enlargement.
You are providing care for a patient who underwent thyroidectomy 2 days ago. Which laboratory value requires close monitoring?
- A. Calcium
- B. Sodium
- C. Potassium
- D. White blood cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Calcium levels should be closely monitored after a thyroidectomy due to the risk of hypocalcemia caused by damage or removal of the parathyroid glands.
Regarding fat metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate
- B. fatty acids are transported in the plasma bound to lipoprotein complexes
- C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway
- D. eicosanoids are synthesised from cholesterol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway. HDLs are responsible for picking up excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transporting it back to the liver for excretion. This process helps regulate cholesterol levels in the body.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to increased fatty acid breakdown, not a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate.
B: Fatty acids are primarily transported in the bloodstream bound to albumin, not lipoprotein complexes.
D: Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid, not cholesterol.