Nokea
Hyperglycemia:
- A. is caused by excess insulin.
- B. causes glucosuria and polyuria.
- C. causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
- D. is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).
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What medication is used with thyrotoxicosis to block the effects of the sympathetic nervous stimulation of the thyroid hormones?
- A. Potassium iodide
- B. Propylthiouracil (PTU)
- C. Atenolol (Tenormin)
- D. Radioactive iodine (RAI)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atenolol is a beta-blocker that helps control the sympathetic nervous system effects of thyrotoxicosis, such as tachycardia and hypertension.
Which amino acid is not found in protein?
- A. ornithine
- B. arginine
- C. valine
- D. aspartic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ornithine. Ornithine is not a standard amino acid found in protein structures but is involved in the urea cycle. Arginine, valine, and aspartic acid are all standard amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. Ornithine is not incorporated into proteins during translation, making it the correct choice.
A patient presents with an anaphylactic reaction following a bee sting. Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating the multiple cardiovascular and pulmonary problems that, if not promptly corrected, could lead to the patient’s death?
- A. Atropine
- B. Diphenhydramine
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylactic reactions due to its ability to rapidly reverse the cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms. It acts by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening up the airways, which helps counteract the potentially life-threatening effects of anaphylaxis. Atropine (A) is used for bradycardia, Diphenhydramine (B) for mild allergic reactions, and Isoproterenol (D) for bradycardia or heart block. Epinephrine is the most appropriate choice in this scenario due to its immediate and broad-spectrum effects in managing anaphylactic reactions.
Effects of Hypothyroidism Include All but This
- A. Diarrhoea
- B. Lethargy
- C. Anorexia
- D. Weight gain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diarrhoea. Hypothyroidism is associated with decreased metabolic function, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, anorexia, and weight gain. Diarrhoea is not typically a symptom of hypothyroidism; instead, it can be seen in conditions like hyperthyroidism where there is an excess of thyroid hormone. In hypothyroidism, the digestive processes slow down, which can lead to constipation rather than diarrhoea. Therefore, the effects of hypothyroidism do not include diarrhoea.
Identify a gland that is controlled by an anterior pituitary hormone.
- A. pancreas
- B. parathyroid
- C. adrenal medulla
- D. ovary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ovary. The anterior pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) that regulate the function of the ovaries. FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles, while LH triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and estrogen. The pancreas (A) is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon from the pancreas itself. The parathyroid gland (B) is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands. The adrenal medulla (C) is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, not by anterior pituitary hormones.