Nokea
All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Growth hormone
- B. Follicle stimulating hormone
- C. Parthormone
- D. Thyroid stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parthormone. The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones such as Growth hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, and Thyroid stimulating hormone, but not Parthormone. Parthormone is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary gland. Parathormone plays a key role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as it does not belong to the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
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Which amino acid is not found in protein?
- A. ornithine
- B. arginine
- C. valine
- D. aspartic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ornithine. Ornithine is not a standard amino acid found in protein structures but is involved in the urea cycle. Arginine, valine, and aspartic acid are all standard amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. Ornithine is not incorporated into proteins during translation, making it the correct choice.
Some medications for relief of cold/allergy symptoms contain pseudoephedrine, which acts as a decongestant. If a patient who is taking an MAO inhibitor takes pseudoephedrine, what is the likely outcome?
- A. Acute bronchospasm/asthma due to ACh release from the adrenal medulla
- B. Hypertensive crisis, possible stroke
- C. Heart rate and contractile force would drop significantly and quickly
- D. The cold symptoms would quickly get worse (increased secretions)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: MAO inhibitors prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine.
Step 2: Pseudoephedrine stimulates the release of norepinephrine.
Step 3: The combination can lead to excessive norepinephrine, causing hypertension and potential stroke.
Therefore, the likely outcome when a patient taking an MAO inhibitor also takes pseudoephedrine is a hypertensive crisis and possible stroke (Choice B).
Summary:
- Choice A (acute bronchospasm/asthma due to ACh release from the adrenal medulla) is incorrect because pseudoephedrine does not directly cause this response.
- Choice C (heart rate and contractile force would drop significantly and quickly) is incorrect as pseudoephedrine tends to increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- Choice D (the cold symptoms would quickly get worse - increased secretions) is incorrect as pseudoephedrine is a decongestant and would not worsen cold symptoms
Which of the following is NOT true of parathyroid hormone action?
- A. Releases calcium from bone to raise blood calcium levels.
- B. Decreases blood calcium levels.
- C. Promotes reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys to raise blood calcium levels.
- D. Activates Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption from nutrients in the intestines.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because parathyroid hormone (PTH) actually increases blood calcium levels. PTH achieves this by releasing calcium from bone (A), promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys (C), and activating Vitamin D for increased calcium absorption in the intestines (D). By decreasing blood calcium levels, it would go against the primary function of PTH. This choice is incorrect as PTH is known for its role in increasing blood calcium levels through the mentioned mechanisms.
Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice?
- A. HPO42-
- B. mucus
- C. lipase
- D. amylase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amylase. Gastric juice primarily contains hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus, but not amylase. Amylase is an enzyme produced in the mouth and pancreas that helps break down carbohydrates, not typically found in gastric juice. HPO42- is a phosphate ion present in gastric juice. Lipase is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats and can be found in pancreatic juice, not gastric juice. Mucus is secreted by the stomach lining to protect it from the acidic environment of gastric juice.
PTH activates vitamin D, which aids in the absorption of:
- A. calcium.
- B. Vitamin C.
- C. iron.
- D. phosphate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcium. PTH (parathyroid hormone) activates vitamin D, which in turn helps in the absorption of calcium in the intestines. This is crucial for maintaining bone health and normal calcium levels in the blood. Vitamin C (Choice B) is not directly related to PTH or vitamin D in calcium absorption. Iron (Choice C) absorption is influenced by factors other than PTH and vitamin D. Phosphate (Choice D) absorption is primarily regulated by fibroblast growth factor 23 and not by PTH or vitamin D. Thus, the correct answer is A as it directly corresponds to the role of PTH and vitamin D in calcium absorption.