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Which of the following is a symptom of Addison’s disease?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Weight gain
- C. Hyperpigmentation
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hyperpigmentation. Addison's disease is a condition characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone. Hyperpigmentation is a common symptom due to elevated levels of ACTH stimulating melanin production. Other choices are incorrect because Addison's disease typically presents with hypotension, weight loss, and bradycardia, rather than hypertension, weight gain, or tachycardia.
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The adrenal medulla:
- A. is an extension of the “feed-and-breed†division of the autonomic nervous system.
- B. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- C. secretes steroids.
- D. causes Cushing syndrome when it is overactive.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones involved in the body's response to stress or danger. These hormones help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because:
A: The adrenal medulla is actually part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, not the "feed-and-breed" division.
C: Steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
D: Cushing syndrome is caused by overactivity of the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
A nurse collaborates with assistive personnel (AP) to provide care for a client who is prescribed a 24-hour urine specimen collection. Which statement would the nurse include when teaching the AP about this activity?
- A. Note the time of the client’s first void and collect urine for 24 hours.
- B. Add the preservative to the container at the end of the test.
- C. Start the collection by saving the first urine of the morning.
- D. It is okay if one urine sample during the 24 hours is not collected.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Note the time of the client's first void and collect urine for 24 hours. This is correct because for a 24-hour urine specimen collection, it is essential to start by noting the exact time of the first void and then collect all subsequent urine voided over the next 24 hours, including the final void at the same time the collection started. This ensures accurate measurement of substances in the urine over a full 24-hour period.
Choice B is incorrect because the preservative should be added to the container at the beginning, not the end, to maintain the integrity of the specimen. Choice C is incorrect because the 24-hour collection starts with the first void, not the first morning urine. Choice D is incorrect as missing even one urine sample during the 24-hour collection can compromise the accuracy of the results.
Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
- A. Stimulates cellular absorption of glucose.
- B. Stimulates cellular usage of glucose for energy.
- C. Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen.
- D. Lowers blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because insulin does not stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen, not its breakdown. A, B, and D are incorrect because insulin does stimulate cellular absorption of glucose, usage of glucose for energy, and lowers blood glucose levels, respectively. Insulin's main role is to facilitate the uptake and storage of glucose, not its breakdown.
Most of the endocrine system is regulated by:
- A. negative feedback mechanisms.
- B. positive feedback mechanisms.
- C. hormone-receptor complexes.
- D. hormone-gene complexes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: negative feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms are essential in regulating hormone levels within a narrow range to maintain homeostasis. When hormone levels rise, negative feedback mechanisms signal the body to decrease production, and vice versa. Positive feedback mechanisms amplify hormone production, not regulate it. Hormone-receptor complexes and hormone-gene complexes are important for hormone actions but do not regulate the overall endocrine system.
How much gastric juice is secreted daily?
- A. 1.5 litres
- B. 3 litres
- C. 4 litres
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (3 litres). The average adult human stomach secretes about 2-3 liters of gastric juice per day. This amount is necessary for the effective digestion of food, as gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus. Option A (1.5 litres) is too low for daily gastric juice secretion. Option C (4 litres) is too high and could lead to hypersecretion or other digestive issues. Option D is incomplete and does not provide a valid answer. Therefore, option B is the most accurate in reflecting the average daily secretion of gastric juice.