Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a gland in the endocrine system?
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Kidney gland
- D. Pituitary gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kidney gland. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The kidney is not a gland; it is an organ responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine. The adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland are all part of the endocrine system as they secrete hormones. In summary, the kidney does not secrete hormones and therefore is not considered a gland in the endocrine system.
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The adrenal medulla:
- A. is an extension of the “feed-and-breed†division of the autonomic nervous system.
- B. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- C. secretes steroids.
- D. causes Cushing syndrome when it is overactive.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones involved in the body's response to stress or danger. These hormones help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because:
A: The adrenal medulla is actually part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, not the "feed-and-breed" division.
C: Steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
D: Cushing syndrome is caused by overactivity of the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
Which of the following is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?
- A. ACTH
- B. ADH
- C. Growth hormone
- D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ADH. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones regulate anterior pituitary hormones. ADH is produced in the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary, not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone. ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin are all controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones such as CRH, GHRH, and PRH, respectively.
A patient presents with weight loss, polyphagia, polydypsia, increased tiredness, vomiting, and hyperventilation. He is young and his parents are also diagnosed with the same disease. Which of the following is the most common etiological factor associated with this disease seen in older populations?
- A. Smoking
- B. Obesity
- C. Hypertension
- D. Infections
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Obesity. In the given case, the patient most likely has type 1 diabetes, which commonly presents with the symptoms described. The genetic predisposition mentioned (parents diagnosed) also suggests type 1 diabetes. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which is more common in older populations. Therefore, the most common etiological factor associated with diabetes in older populations is obesity.
A: Smoking is a risk factor for various diseases, but not typically associated with diabetes.
C: Hypertension is a common comorbidity with diabetes, but not a direct etiological factor.
D: Infections can sometimes trigger type 1 diabetes, but it is not the most common etiological factor associated with the disease in older populations.
Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ?
- A. pituitary
- B. hypothalamus
- C. pancreas
- D. adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ because it produces and releases hormones that regulate the pituitary gland's hormonal secretion. It acts as a bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system, controlling various physiological processes. The pituitary gland (choice A) is a master endocrine gland, not a neuroendocrine organ. The pancreas (choice C) is an exocrine and endocrine gland involved in blood sugar regulation. The adrenal cortex (choice D) is part of the adrenal glands responsible for producing steroid hormones, not considered a neuroendocrine organ.
During assessment of the patient with acromegaly, what should the nurse expect the patient to report?
- A. Infertility
- B. Dry, irritated skin
- C. Undesirable changes in appearance
- D. An increase in height of 2 to 3 inches a year
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with acromegaly commonly report undesirable changes in appearance due to facial and extremity enlargement.