Nokea
A patient with Addison's disease comes to the emergency department with complaints of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. What collaborative care should the nurse expect?
- A. IV administration of vasopressors
- B. IV administration of hydrocortisone
- C. IV administration of D5W with 20 mEq KCl
- D. Parenteral injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In Addison's disease, patients may experience adrenal crisis, requiring immediate administration of hydrocortisone to replace cortisol levels and manage the acute symptoms.
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Which of the following is a protein hormone?
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Insulin
- C. TSH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Insulin. Insulin is a protein hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. Proteins are large molecules made up of amino acids, and insulin fits this definition. Oxytocin (A) is a peptide hormone, not a protein. TSH (C) and ADH (D) are both peptide hormones as well, not proteins. In summary, insulin is the only option that fits the criteria of being a protein hormone.
Adrenaline can be used in the following EXCEPT:
- A. Allergic reactions
- B. Acute bronchial asthma
- C. Complete heart block
- D. Angina pectoris
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on adrenergic receptors. In acute situations like allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, and heart block, adrenaline can be beneficial due to its bronchodilator and vasoconstrictor effects. However, in angina pectoris, which is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, the vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline can worsen the condition by increasing the workload of the heart. Therefore, adrenaline should not be used in angina pectoris.
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
- A. enzymes
- B. antibodies
- C. proteins
- D. hormones
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hormones. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolic functions in other cells. They act as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target tissues. Enzymes (A) are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. Antibodies (B) are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens. Proteins (C) are essential macromolecules for various cellular functions but do not specifically regulate metabolic functions in other cells like hormones do.
Which of the following is NOT true of parathyroid hormone action?
- A. Releases calcium from bone to raise blood calcium levels.
- B. Decreases blood calcium levels.
- C. Promotes reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys to raise blood calcium levels.
- D. Activates Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption from nutrients in the intestines.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because parathyroid hormone (PTH) actually increases blood calcium levels. PTH achieves this by releasing calcium from bone (A), promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys (C), and activating Vitamin D for increased calcium absorption in the intestines (D). By decreasing blood calcium levels, it would go against the primary function of PTH. This choice is incorrect as PTH is known for its role in increasing blood calcium levels through the mentioned mechanisms.
Ipratropium is a synthetic bronchodilator atropine substitute administered by:
- A. Oral route
- B. Intravenous injection
- C. Subcutaneous injection
- D. Inhalation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Inhalation. Ipratropium is a bronchodilator used to treat conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhalation allows direct delivery to the lungs, where it acts locally to relax the smooth muscle and dilate the airways, providing rapid relief of bronchospasm. Oral route (A) would result in poor absorption and systemic side effects. Intravenous (B) and subcutaneous (C) injections are not preferred due to the risk of systemic effects and lack of targeted action. Thus, inhalation is the most effective and appropriate route for ipratropium administration.