Nokea
Adrenaline can be used in the following EXCEPT:
- A. Allergic reactions
- B. Acute bronchial asthma
- C. Complete heart block
- D. Angina pectoris
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on adrenergic receptors. In acute situations like allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, and heart block, adrenaline can be beneficial due to its bronchodilator and vasoconstrictor effects. However, in angina pectoris, which is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, the vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline can worsen the condition by increasing the workload of the heart. Therefore, adrenaline should not be used in angina pectoris.
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Hyperglycemia:
- A. is caused by excess insulin.
- B. causes glucosuria and polyuria.
- C. causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
- D. is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).
All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Growth hormone
- B. Follicle stimulating hormone
- C. Parthormone
- D. Thyroid stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parthormone. The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones such as Growth hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, and Thyroid stimulating hormone, but not Parthormone. Parthormone is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary gland. Parathormone plays a key role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as it does not belong to the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
ACTH stimulates the:
- A. hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
- B. adenohypophysis to secrete cortisol.
- C. adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.
- D. adrenal medulla to secrete glucagon.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Step 1: ACTH is released from the anterior pituitary gland. Step 2: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol. Choice A is incorrect because CRH is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate ACTH release. Choice B is incorrect because cortisol is produced in the adrenal cortex, not the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, not glucagon.
Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a:
- A. Negative feedback mechanism.
- B. Positive feedback mechanism.
- C. Hormone-receptor complex.
- D. Hormone-gene complex.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Negative feedback mechanism. This is because most hormones in the endocrine system are regulated by a negative feedback loop, where the release of a hormone is inhibited once a certain level of that hormone is reached in the body. This helps maintain homeostasis.
Incorrect choices:
B: Positive feedback mechanism - This is less common in hormone regulation as it leads to amplification of a response rather than maintaining balance.
C: Hormone-receptor complex - While hormones bind to receptors to exert their effects, this is not the primary mechanism of hormone regulation.
D: Hormone-gene complex - While hormones can affect gene expression, this is not the primary mechanism of hormone regulation in the endocrine system.
Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Thyroid
- C. Thymus
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it plays a crucial role in regulating other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. The other choices, thyroid, thymus, and hypothalamus, are important glands as well, but they do not have the same broad control over the endocrine system as the pituitary gland. The thyroid regulates metabolism, thymus is involved in immune function, and hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst. However, none of these glands have the overall regulatory function and influence on other glands as the pituitary gland does.