Nokea
What two effects does PTH exert on the kidneys?
- A. Blocks sodium reabsorption and increases the excretion of water.
- B. Increases calcium reabsorption and increases the excretion of phosphate in the urine.
- C. Decreases the reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.
- D. Increases the excretion of H+ and the excretion of bicarbonate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) acts on the kidneys by increasing calcium reabsorption and increasing the excretion of phosphate in the urine. PTH stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more calcium to maintain normal blood calcium levels. It also enhances the excretion of phosphate in the urine, helping to lower blood phosphate levels. Option A is incorrect because PTH does not block sodium reabsorption or increase water excretion in the kidneys. Option C is incorrect as PTH does not decrease the reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. Option D is incorrect because PTH does not increase the excretion of H+ or bicarbonate.
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A nurse is taking care of a client with a parathyroid disorder. Which of the following nutrients does a client with hypoparathyroidism need more of?
- A. Potassium
- B. Calcium
- C. Magnesium
- D. Sodium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clients with hypoparathyroidism need more calcium, as the condition involves low calcium levels due to insufficient parathyroid hormone.
There are two simple ways to lower blood pressure: (1) reduce the cardiac contractility, and (2) inhibit sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction. Which one of the following drugs can lower blood pressure by both mechanisms?
- A. Albuterol
- B. Atropine
- C. Labetalol
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Labetalol is a non-selective beta-blocker that reduces cardiac contractility by blocking beta-1 receptors and inhibits sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction by blocking alpha-1 receptors. Albuterol (A) is a beta-2 agonist, which increases cardiac contractility. Atropine (B) is a muscarinic antagonist, which increases heart rate and does not affect vasoconstriction. Isoproterenol (D) is a non-selective beta agonist, which increases cardiac contractility and vasodilation. Thus, C (Labetalol) is the only drug that can lower blood pressure by both mechanisms.
Which of the following systems work closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions?
- A. Cardiovascular system
- B. Respiratory system
- C. Reproductive system
- D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nervous system. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to regulate and coordinate the body's functions through the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. The nervous system controls rapid responses, while the endocrine system controls slower, long-term processes. The cardiovascular system (A) primarily transports blood and nutrients, the respiratory system (B) is involved in gas exchange, and the reproductive system (C) is responsible for reproduction, none of which directly coordinate with the endocrine system.
The adrenal medulla:
- A. is an extension of the “feed-and-breed†division of the autonomic nervous system.
- B. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- C. secretes steroids.
- D. causes Cushing syndrome when it is overactive.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones involved in the body's response to stress or danger. These hormones help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because:
A: The adrenal medulla is actually part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, not the "feed-and-breed" division.
C: Steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
D: Cushing syndrome is caused by overactivity of the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.
What should the goals of nutrition therapy for the patient with type 2 diabetes include?
- A. Ideal body weight
- B. Normal serum glucose and lipid levels
- C. A special diabetic diet using dietetic foods
- D. Five small meals per day with a bedtime snack
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary goal is to maintain normal glucose and lipid levels and to achieve a healthy body weight.