Nokea
Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Vasopressin
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Aldosterone. Aldosterone directly influences the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, leading to increased Na+ excretion. Progesterone (A) does not have a significant effect on Na+ excretion. Cortisol (B) mainly affects glucose metabolism and has minimal impact on Na+ excretion. Vasopressin (C) primarily regulates water reabsorption, not Na+ excretion. Therefore, Aldosterone has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion due to its specific role in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
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Most of the endocrine system is regulated by:
- A. negative feedback mechanisms.
- B. positive feedback mechanisms.
- C. hormone-receptor complexes.
- D. hormone-gene complexes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: negative feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms are essential in regulating hormone levels within a narrow range to maintain homeostasis. When hormone levels rise, negative feedback mechanisms signal the body to decrease production, and vice versa. Positive feedback mechanisms amplify hormone production, not regulate it. Hormone-receptor complexes and hormone-gene complexes are important for hormone actions but do not regulate the overall endocrine system.
Bronzing:
- A. always accompanies hyperglycemia.
- B. is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.
- C. is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
- D. is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
Which amino acid is not found in protein?
- A. ornithine
- B. arginine
- C. valine
- D. aspartic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ornithine. Ornithine is not a standard amino acid found in protein structures but is involved in the urea cycle. Arginine, valine, and aspartic acid are all standard amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. Ornithine is not incorporated into proteins during translation, making it the correct choice.
Which of the following is NOT true of parathyroid hormone action?
- A. Releases calcium from bone to raise blood calcium levels.
- B. Decreases blood calcium levels.
- C. Promotes reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys to raise blood calcium levels.
- D. Activates Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption from nutrients in the intestines.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because parathyroid hormone (PTH) actually increases blood calcium levels. PTH achieves this by releasing calcium from bone (A), promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys (C), and activating Vitamin D for increased calcium absorption in the intestines (D). By decreasing blood calcium levels, it would go against the primary function of PTH. This choice is incorrect as PTH is known for its role in increasing blood calcium levels through the mentioned mechanisms.
During assessment of the patient with acromegaly, what should the nurse expect the patient to report?
- A. Infertility
- B. Dry, irritated skin
- C. Undesirable changes in appearance
- D. An increase in height of 2 to 3 inches a year
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with acromegaly commonly report undesirable changes in appearance due to facial and extremity enlargement.