Nokea
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
- A. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
- B. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
- C. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
- D. increasing blood pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the nucleus. This binding activates or inhibits gene transcription, leading to changes in protein synthesis and cellular responses. Choice B is incorrect because cAMP activity is typically associated with peptide hormones, not steroid hormones. Choice C is incorrect because steroid hormones do not stimulate glycogen synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because steroid hormones do not directly affect blood pressure regulation.
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A patient with Addison's disease comes to the emergency department with complaints of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. What collaborative care should the nurse expect?
- A. IV administration of vasopressors
- B. IV administration of hydrocortisone
- C. IV administration of D5W with 20 mEq KCl
- D. Parenteral injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In Addison's disease, patients may experience adrenal crisis, requiring immediate administration of hydrocortisone to replace cortisol levels and manage the acute symptoms.
____________ is a steroid hormone.
- A. Vitamin D
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Insulin
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vitamin D is the correct answer as it is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and have a similar chemical structure. Epinephrine and Insulin are not steroid hormones. Epinephrine is a catecholamine produced by the adrenal glands, and Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas. Choice D is incorrect as not all options listed are steroid hormones.
Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
- A. Stimulates cellular absorption of glucose.
- B. Stimulates cellular usage of glucose for energy.
- C. Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen.
- D. Lowers blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because insulin does not stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen, not its breakdown. A, B, and D are incorrect because insulin does stimulate cellular absorption of glucose, usage of glucose for energy, and lowers blood glucose levels, respectively. Insulin's main role is to facilitate the uptake and storage of glucose, not its breakdown.
Hyperglycemia:
- A. is caused by excess insulin.
- B. causes glucosuria and polyuria.
- C. causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
- D. is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).
Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action?
- A. cyclic AMP
- B. calmodulin
- C. cyclic GMP
- D. inositol triphosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calmodulin is not a second messenger but a calcium-binding protein that regulates various cellular processes. Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, and inositol triphosphate are all second messengers involved in hormone action. Calmodulin acts downstream of these second messengers to mediate their effects.