Nokea
Regarding fat metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate
- B. fatty acids are transported in the plasma bound to lipoprotein complexes
- C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway
- D. eicosanoids are synthesised from cholesterol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway. HDLs are responsible for picking up excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transporting it back to the liver for excretion. This process helps regulate cholesterol levels in the body.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to increased fatty acid breakdown, not a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate.
B: Fatty acids are primarily transported in the bloodstream bound to albumin, not lipoprotein complexes.
D: Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid, not cholesterol.
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Identify a gland that is controlled by an anterior pituitary hormone.
- A. pancreas
- B. parathyroid
- C. adrenal medulla
- D. ovary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ovary. The anterior pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) that regulate the function of the ovaries. FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles, while LH triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and estrogen. The pancreas (A) is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon from the pancreas itself. The parathyroid gland (B) is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands. The adrenal medulla (C) is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, not by anterior pituitary hormones.
Which of the following is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?
- A. ACTH
- B. ADH
- C. Growth hormone
- D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ADH. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones regulate anterior pituitary hormones. ADH is produced in the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary, not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone. ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin are all controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones such as CRH, GHRH, and PRH, respectively.
A patient presents with an anaphylactic reaction following a bee sting. Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating the multiple cardiovascular and pulmonary problems that, if not promptly corrected, could lead to the patient’s death?
- A. Atropine
- B. Diphenhydramine
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylactic reactions due to its ability to rapidly reverse the cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms. It acts by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening up the airways, which helps counteract the potentially life-threatening effects of anaphylaxis. Atropine (A) is used for bradycardia, Diphenhydramine (B) for mild allergic reactions, and Isoproterenol (D) for bradycardia or heart block. Epinephrine is the most appropriate choice in this scenario due to its immediate and broad-spectrum effects in managing anaphylactic reactions.
A clinic nurse wants to evaluate the effectiveness of her health teaching about diet and insulin administration. Which of the following observations during the patient's next clinic visit would indicate that the patient had learned what she had been taught?
- A. A weight gain of 6 lb
- B. An elevated blood glucose
- C. Urine test negative for sugar and acetone
- D. Beginning hypertrophy at an injection site
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A negative urine test for sugar and acetone would show that the patient has learned proper insulin administration and diet management.
Which patient should the nurse plan to teach how to prevent or delay the development of diabetes?
- A. An obese 50-year-old Hispanic woman
- B. A child whose father has type 1 diabetes
- C. A 34-year-old woman whose parents both have type 2 diabetes
- D. A 12-year-old boy whose father has maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An obese 50-year-old Hispanic woman is at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and would benefit from education on prevention.