Nokea
You are providing care for a patient who underwent thyroidectomy 2 days ago. Which laboratory value requires close monitoring?
- A. Calcium
- B. Sodium
- C. Potassium
- D. White blood cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Calcium levels should be closely monitored after a thyroidectomy due to the risk of hypocalcemia caused by damage or removal of the parathyroid glands.
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Which amino acid is not found in protein?
- A. ornithine
- B. arginine
- C. valine
- D. aspartic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ornithine. Ornithine is not a standard amino acid found in protein structures but is involved in the urea cycle. Arginine, valine, and aspartic acid are all standard amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. Ornithine is not incorporated into proteins during translation, making it the correct choice.
The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes
- A. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
- B. human growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
- C. prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone
- D. glucocorticoids and androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The posterior pituitary gland stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions and milk ejection.
3. ADH regulates water balance by controlling urine concentration.
4. These hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
5. Choice A is correct as it accurately identifies the hormones stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because human growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone are not stored or secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is incorrect because prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary.
- Choice D is incorrect because glucocorticoids and androgens are not stored or secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Which of the following is a protein hormone?
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Insulin
- C. TSH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Insulin. Insulin is a protein hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. Proteins are large molecules made up of amino acids, and insulin fits this definition. Oxytocin (A) is a peptide hormone, not a protein. TSH (C) and ADH (D) are both peptide hormones as well, not proteins. In summary, insulin is the only option that fits the criteria of being a protein hormone.
Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a:
- A. Negative feedback mechanism.
- B. Positive feedback mechanism.
- C. Hormone-receptor complex.
- D. Hormone-gene complex.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Negative feedback mechanism. This is because most hormones in the endocrine system are regulated by a negative feedback loop, where the release of a hormone is inhibited once a certain level of that hormone is reached in the body. This helps maintain homeostasis.
Incorrect choices:
B: Positive feedback mechanism - This is less common in hormone regulation as it leads to amplification of a response rather than maintaining balance.
C: Hormone-receptor complex - While hormones bind to receptors to exert their effects, this is not the primary mechanism of hormone regulation.
D: Hormone-gene complex - While hormones can affect gene expression, this is not the primary mechanism of hormone regulation in the endocrine system.
Regarding fat metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate
- B. fatty acids are transported in the plasma bound to lipoprotein complexes
- C. cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway
- D. eicosanoids are synthesised from cholesterol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because cholesterol is transported from extra-hepatic cells to the liver by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the endogenous pathway. HDLs are responsible for picking up excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transporting it back to the liver for excretion. This process helps regulate cholesterol levels in the body.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Ketone bodies accumulate in DKA due to increased fatty acid breakdown, not a lack of acetyl-CoA substrate.
B: Fatty acids are primarily transported in the bloodstream bound to albumin, not lipoprotein complexes.
D: Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid, not cholesterol.