Nokea
Which of the following could antagonize renal vasodilation induced by dopamine:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atropine
- C. Prazosin
- D. Haloperidol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Haloperidol. Haloperidol is a dopamine receptor antagonist, which means it blocks dopamine receptors. Dopamine induces renal vasodilation by acting on dopamine receptors in the kidneys. Therefore, blocking these receptors with haloperidol would antagonize the renal vasodilation effect of dopamine.
A: Propranolol is a beta-blocker that acts on beta receptors, not dopamine receptors.
B: Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist and does not affect dopamine receptors.
C: Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist and does not target dopamine receptors.
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Bronzing:
- A. always accompanies hyperglycemia.
- B. is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.
- C. is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
- D. is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
Adrenaline can be used in the following EXCEPT:
- A. Allergic reactions
- B. Acute bronchial asthma
- C. Complete heart block
- D. Angina pectoris
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on adrenergic receptors. In acute situations like allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, and heart block, adrenaline can be beneficial due to its bronchodilator and vasoconstrictor effects. However, in angina pectoris, which is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, the vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline can worsen the condition by increasing the workload of the heart. Therefore, adrenaline should not be used in angina pectoris.
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
- A. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
- B. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
- C. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
- D. increasing blood pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the nucleus. This binding activates or inhibits gene transcription, leading to changes in protein synthesis and cellular responses. Choice B is incorrect because cAMP activity is typically associated with peptide hormones, not steroid hormones. Choice C is incorrect because steroid hormones do not stimulate glycogen synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because steroid hormones do not directly affect blood pressure regulation.
How much gastric juice is secreted daily?
- A. 1.5 litres
- B. 3 litres
- C. 4 litres
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (3 litres). The average adult human stomach secretes about 2-3 liters of gastric juice per day. This amount is necessary for the effective digestion of food, as gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus. Option A (1.5 litres) is too low for daily gastric juice secretion. Option C (4 litres) is too high and could lead to hypersecretion or other digestive issues. Option D is incomplete and does not provide a valid answer. Therefore, option B is the most accurate in reflecting the average daily secretion of gastric juice.
You are providing care for a patient who underwent thyroidectomy 2 days ago. Which laboratory value requires close monitoring?
- A. Calcium
- B. Sodium
- C. Potassium
- D. White blood cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Calcium levels should be closely monitored after a thyroidectomy due to the risk of hypocalcemia caused by damage or removal of the parathyroid glands.