Nokea
Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase. Which food type does salivary amylase begin to break down?
- A. Proteins
- B. Starches
- C. Roughage
- D. Fats
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salivary amylase breaks down starches into simple sugars like maltose. Starch is a complex carbohydrate found in foods like bread, pasta, and rice. When you chew food, salivary amylase in saliva starts the digestion process by breaking down starch molecules. Proteins are broken down by stomach enzymes, roughage (fiber) is not digested by enzymes in the mouth, and fats are primarily digested in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase. Therefore, choice B, starches, is the correct answer as salivary amylase specifically targets this food type for initial breakdown.
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All the following are endocrine glands, EXCEPT the:
- A. sweat gland
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sweat gland. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting distant target organs. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat onto the skin surface to regulate body temperature. The adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland are all endocrine glands that secrete hormones, making them the correct choices. A sweat gland does not secrete hormones into the bloodstream, so it does not qualify as an endocrine gland.
The receptor for a peptide hormone ___________.
- A. sits in the cell’s outer membrane and binds to a hydrophobic hormone
- B. sits in the cell’s outer membrane and binds to a hydrophilic hormone
- C. sits inside the cell and binds to a hydrophobic hormone
- D. sits inside the cell and binds to a hydrophilic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because peptide hormones are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane. Therefore, their receptors must be located on the cell's outer membrane to bind and trigger intracellular signaling pathways. Option A is incorrect because hydrophobic hormones can directly pass through the cell membrane, so their receptors are typically inside the cell. Option C is incorrect because hydrophobic hormones do not require a receptor on the cell's outer membrane. Option D is incorrect because hydrophilic hormones, like peptide hormones, require receptors on the cell's outer membrane.
This cone-shaped gland is located in the head and is called the “biological clock.â€
- A. Posterior pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pineal
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the brain and is often referred to as the "biological clock" due to its role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle through the secretion of melatonin. The posterior pituitary (choice A) is responsible for releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus, not related to the circadian rhythm. The hypothalamus (choice B) is involved in regulating various physiological processes but is not directly associated with the circadian rhythm. The thymus (choice D) plays a role in the immune system, not in regulating the biological clock. Thus, the pineal gland is the correct answer as it specifically controls the circadian rhythm.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. maintain homeostasis
- B. influence metabolism
- C. influence growth and development
- D. breaking down nutrients
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: breaking down nutrients. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones do not directly break down nutrients; instead, they regulate the processes involved in nutrient breakdown. A: maintaining homeostasis is a function of hormones as they help regulate internal balance. B: influencing metabolism is a function of hormones as they regulate energy production and utilization. C: influencing growth and development is a function of hormones as they play a crucial role in the growth and maturation of cells and tissues.
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
- A. the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
- B. catabolic inhibition
- C. protein synthesis
- D. humoral stimulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: humoral stimulation. This mechanism directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Humoral stimulation refers to the regulation of hormone secretion in response to changes in blood levels of various substances like ions and nutrients. It is a feedback mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels based on the body's needs.
A: Rapid oxidation of carbohydrates is not related to endocrine control systems responding to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
B: Catabolic inhibition does not directly respond to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
C: Protein synthesis is not a mechanism that directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.