Nokea
The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.
- A. nervous
- B. circulatory
- C. digestive
- D. reproductive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system can directly override normal endocrine controls through the release of neurotransmitters that can stimulate or inhibit hormone release from endocrine glands. The nervous system can rapidly respond to immediate changes in the internal or external environment, allowing for quick adjustments in hormone levels.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: The circulatory system is not involved in directly overriding endocrine controls.
C: The digestive system primarily regulates the breakdown and absorption of nutrients, not endocrine controls.
D: The reproductive system is responsible for the production of sex hormones and gametes, but it does not directly override normal endocrine controls.
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Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?
- A. Blood prolactin levels are too low for milk production to occur
- B. Human placental lactogen levels are too low for milk production to occur
- C. The fetal adrenal gland does not produce sufficient estriol
- D. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are high
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit lactation by suppressing the release of prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. Estrogen and progesterone maintain the pregnancy and prevent premature labor, so the body prioritizes their functions over lactation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because low blood prolactin levels, human placental lactogen levels, and fetal adrenal gland's estriol production are not directly related to the suppression of lactation during pregnancy.
Regarding thyroid hormones:
- A. little T3 is produced peripherally by deiodination T4
- B. albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG
- C. TBG has less affinity for thyroid hormone than albumin
- D. thyroid hormones stimulate lipogenesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Albumin binds more thyroid hormones than TBG due to its higher concentration in the blood.
Step 2: TBG has higher affinity for thyroid hormones than albumin, leading to less free hormone.
Step 3: Hence, choice B is correct as albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones.
Summary: Choice A is incorrect as significant T3 is produced peripherally. Choice C is incorrect as TBG has higher affinity. Choice D is incorrect as thyroid hormones stimulate lipolysis, not lipogenesis.
The liberation of proteins to free amino acids (final digestive step) occur in all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. enterocyte cytoplasm
- B. brush border
- C. small intestine lumen
- D. stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: stomach. Proteins are broken down into amino acids through the process of digestion. In the stomach, proteins are broken down into smaller peptides, not free amino acids. The final step of liberating proteins into free amino acids occurs in the enterocyte cytoplasm, where absorbed nutrients are further processed. The brush border of the small intestine is where the final stages of digestion take place before absorption. The small intestine lumen is the space where digestion occurs, but the actual liberation of proteins into free amino acids happens in the enterocyte cytoplasm.
Which artery generally gives rise to inferior thyroid artery?
- A. External carotid artery
- B. Internal carotid artery
- C. Brachiocephalic trunk
- D. Thyrocervical trunk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The inferior thyroid artery typically arises from the thyrocervical trunk.
2. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery.
3. This artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland.
4. The external carotid artery and internal carotid artery do not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery.
5. The brachiocephalic trunk does not directly supply blood to the thyroid gland.
In conclusion, the correct answer is D because the thyrocervical trunk is the main artery that gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery, providing blood supply to the thyroid gland.
Which gland secretes two hormones, one that elevates blood glucose levels and another that decreases blood glucose levels?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adenohypophysis
- C. Thyroid
- D. Adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pancreas. The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose levels and glucagon to elevate blood glucose levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while glucagon triggers the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Adenohypophysis (B) secretes various hormones but not related to blood glucose regulation. Thyroid (C) secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly impacting blood glucose levels. Adrenal cortex (D) secretes hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, which are not primarily involved in blood glucose regulation.