Nokea
The target organs of ADH are the:
- A. adrenal cortex and liver
- B. kidney and blood vessels
- C. liver and kidney
- D. pituitary and thyroid glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: kidney and blood vessels. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, acts on the kidney to regulate water reabsorption and maintain fluid balance in the body. It also acts on blood vessels to regulate blood pressure. The other choices are incorrect because ADH does not target the adrenal cortex, liver, pituitary gland, or thyroid gland specifically for its primary functions. ADH primarily acts on the kidney and blood vessels to regulate water balance and blood pressure in the body.
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This cone-shaped gland is located in the head and is called the “biological clock.â€
- A. Posterior pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pineal
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the brain and is often referred to as the "biological clock" due to its role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle through the secretion of melatonin. The posterior pituitary (choice A) is responsible for releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus, not related to the circadian rhythm. The hypothalamus (choice B) is involved in regulating various physiological processes but is not directly associated with the circadian rhythm. The thymus (choice D) plays a role in the immune system, not in regulating the biological clock. Thus, the pineal gland is the correct answer as it specifically controls the circadian rhythm.
A nurse educator is giving a presentation on hypothalamic hormones. Which of the following hypothalamic hormones when stimulated is controlled by another hypothalamic hormone?
- A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is regulated by another hypothalamic hormone, somatostatin, which inhibits its release.
A patient presents with a moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple straiae, buffalo hump, fragile skin and impaired glucose tolerance. The opposite of the current increased levels of the prime hormone involved in this patient is seen in:
- A. Addison's disease
- B. Pheochromocytoma
- C. Hyperaldosteronism
- D. Cushing's syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the symptoms described in the patient: Moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple striae, buffalo hump, fragile skin, impaired glucose tolerance.
Step 2: These symptoms are classic for Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excess cortisol.
Step 3: The opposite of increased cortisol levels is decreased cortisol levels.
Step 4: Addison's disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased cortisol levels.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Addison's disease.
Summary:
- B: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing excess catecholamines, not related to cortisol.
- C: Hyperaldosteronism is excess aldosterone production, not related to cortisol.
- D: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol, not the opposite.
All the following are endocrine glands, EXCEPT the:
- A. sweat gland
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sweat gland. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting distant target organs. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat onto the skin surface to regulate body temperature. The adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland are all endocrine glands that secrete hormones, making them the correct choices. A sweat gland does not secrete hormones into the bloodstream, so it does not qualify as an endocrine gland.
One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is .
- A. follicle-stimulating hormone
- B. epinephrine
- C. norepinephrine
- D. androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is the other hormone made by the pituitary gland that helps regulate reproductive cells, along with luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.
Explanation:
1. FSH is directly involved in the reproductive process by stimulating follicle development and sperm production.
2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are not hormones produced by the pituitary gland and are involved in the stress response.
3. Androgens are male sex hormones produced primarily by the testes, not the pituitary gland.
In summary, FSH is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive cells, while the other choices are not involved in the reproductive system or are not produced by the pituitary gland.