Nokea
Which of the following is NOT true of testosterone?
- A. growth of the penis and testes.
- B. brings about the male secondary sex characteristics.
- C. can cause baldness.
- D. controlled from the thyroid gland.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because testosterone is not controlled by the thyroid gland. Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes and regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The other choices (A, B, C) are all true of testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for the growth of the penis and testes (A), development of male secondary sex characteristics (B), and can potentially lead to baldness due to its effects on hair follicles (C). Thyroid gland primarily regulates metabolism and energy levels, not testosterone production.
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Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?
- A. Blood prolactin levels are too low for milk production to occur
- B. Human placental lactogen levels are too low for milk production to occur
- C. The fetal adrenal gland does not produce sufficient estriol
- D. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are high
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit lactation by suppressing the release of prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. Estrogen and progesterone maintain the pregnancy and prevent premature labor, so the body prioritizes their functions over lactation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because low blood prolactin levels, human placental lactogen levels, and fetal adrenal gland's estriol production are not directly related to the suppression of lactation during pregnancy.
The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.
- A. nervous
- B. circulatory
- C. digestive
- D. reproductive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system can directly override normal endocrine controls through the release of neurotransmitters that can stimulate or inhibit hormone release from endocrine glands. The nervous system can rapidly respond to immediate changes in the internal or external environment, allowing for quick adjustments in hormone levels.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: The circulatory system is not involved in directly overriding endocrine controls.
C: The digestive system primarily regulates the breakdown and absorption of nutrients, not endocrine controls.
D: The reproductive system is responsible for the production of sex hormones and gametes, but it does not directly override normal endocrine controls.
Adrenaline is contraindicated in:
- A. Cardiac arrest
- B. Acute bronchial asthma
- C. Anaphylactic shock
- D. Hypertension
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenaline is contraindicated in hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure and increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Adrenaline's vasoconstrictive effects can further elevate blood pressure in individuals with hypertension, potentially leading to severe complications. Therefore, it is crucial to avoid administering adrenaline in patients with hypertension to prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Summary:
- A: Adrenaline is indicated in cardiac arrest to improve cardiac output.
- B: Adrenaline is indicated in acute bronchial asthma to relax bronchial smooth muscles.
- C: Adrenaline is indicated in anaphylactic shock to reverse severe allergic reactions.
- D (Correct): Adrenaline is contraindicated in hypertension due to its vasoconstrictive effects.
Which of the following hormones is found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?
- A. Gonadotropins
- B. Releasing hormones
- C. Catecholamines
- D. Mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Releasing hormones. Releasing hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and travel through the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries to reach the anterior pituitary gland. This is where they stimulate the release of specific hormones. Gonadotropins (A) are produced by the anterior pituitary gland, not found within the portal capillaries. Catecholamines (C) are produced by the adrenal glands, not within the portal capillaries. Mineralocorticoids (D) are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, not found within the portal capillaries.
Priority Decision: When replacement therapy is started for a patient with long-standing hypothyroidism, what is most important for the nurse to monitor the patient for?
- A. Insomnia
- B. Nervousness
- C. Weight loss
- D. Dysrhythmias
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Starting replacement therapy in patients with long-standing hypothyroidism requires close monitoring for potential cardiac dysrhythmias, especially as the thyroid hormones normalize.