Nokea
The neurohypophysis:
- A. is the anterior pituitary gland.
- B. secretes ACTH, TSH, and the gonadotropins.
- C. secretes the releasing hormones.
- D. is the posterior pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The neurohypophysis is the posterior pituitary gland.
2. It stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
3. These hormones include oxytocin and vasopressin.
4. These hormones regulate water balance, blood pressure, and uterine contractions.
5. Choice D is correct as it accurately describes the neurohypophysis.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Anterior pituitary gland is not the neurohypophysis.
B: Incorrect - These hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
C: Incorrect - Releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, not the neurohypophysis.
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Terbutaline specifically stimulates:
- A. Alpha1 receptors
- B. Alpha2 receptors
- C. Beta1 receptors
- D. Beta2 receptors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Terbutaline specifically stimulates Beta2 receptors. This leads to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles in the airways. Beta2 receptors are predominantly found in the lungs. Option A and B are incorrect as terbutaline does not target Alpha receptors. Option C is incorrect as terbutaline does not primarily stimulate Beta1 receptors, which are mainly found in the heart.
Underproduction of growth hormone during the growing years produces ______.
- A. myxedema.
- B. gigantism.
- C. pituitary dwarfism.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pituitary dwarfism. Growth hormone deficiency during growing years results in pituitary dwarfism due to stunted growth. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, not growth hormone deficiency. Gigantism (choice B) occurs due to excessive growth hormone production in childhood. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone in adulthood, not during the growing years. Thus, choice C is the most appropriate based on the impact of growth hormone deficiency on growth during childhood.
One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is .
- A. follicle-stimulating hormone
- B. epinephrine
- C. norepinephrine
- D. androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is the other hormone made by the pituitary gland that helps regulate reproductive cells, along with luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.
Explanation:
1. FSH is directly involved in the reproductive process by stimulating follicle development and sperm production.
2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are not hormones produced by the pituitary gland and are involved in the stress response.
3. Androgens are male sex hormones produced primarily by the testes, not the pituitary gland.
In summary, FSH is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive cells, while the other choices are not involved in the reproductive system or are not produced by the pituitary gland.
Which artery generally gives rise to inferior thyroid artery?
- A. External carotid artery
- B. Internal carotid artery
- C. Brachiocephalic trunk
- D. Thyrocervical trunk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The inferior thyroid artery typically arises from the thyrocervical trunk.
2. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery.
3. This artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland.
4. The external carotid artery and internal carotid artery do not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery.
5. The brachiocephalic trunk does not directly supply blood to the thyroid gland.
In conclusion, the correct answer is D because the thyrocervical trunk is the main artery that gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery, providing blood supply to the thyroid gland.
The hormone involved in rhythmic activities, such as day/night and seasonal changes, is .
- A. calcitonin
- B. melatonin
- C. estrogen
- D. cyclin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: melatonin. Melatonin is the hormone involved in regulating rhythmic activities like day/night and seasonal changes through its influence on the body's circadian rhythm. Calcitonin is a hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood; estrogen is a female sex hormone; and cyclin is a protein involved in cell cycle regulation. Melatonin's role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and responding to changes in light exposure makes it the most appropriate choice for a hormone involved in rhythmic activities.