Nokea
What describes the primary difference in treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)?
- A. DKA requires administration of bicarbonate to correct acidosis.
- B. Potassium replacement is not necessary in management of HHS.
- C. HHS requires greater fluid replacement to correct the dehydration.
- D. Administration of glucose is withheld in HHS until the blood glucose reaches a normal level.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HHS requires more fluid replacement due to severe dehydration, while DKA management focuses more on correcting acidosis and insulin deficiency.
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Terbutaline specifically stimulates:
- A. Alpha1 receptors
- B. Alpha2 receptors
- C. Beta1 receptors
- D. Beta2 receptors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Terbutaline specifically stimulates Beta2 receptors. This leads to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles in the airways. Beta2 receptors are predominantly found in the lungs. Option A and B are incorrect as terbutaline does not target Alpha receptors. Option C is incorrect as terbutaline does not primarily stimulate Beta1 receptors, which are mainly found in the heart.
An example of a hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is:
- A. calcitonin.
- B. histamine.
- C. oxytocin.
- D. melatonin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Oxytocin is released during childbirth to stimulate uterine contractions.
2. As contractions increase, oxytocin secretion is further stimulated in a positive feedback loop.
3. This positive feedback mechanism amplifies the contractions until delivery.
4. Calcitonin regulates calcium levels, histamine is involved in allergic responses, and melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Summary:
- Calcitonin, histamine, and melatonin do not exhibit positive feedback regulation like oxytocin during childbirth.
A patient with diabetes is learning to mix regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe. The nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when the patient does what?
- A. Withdraws the NPH dose into the syringe first
- B. Injects air equal to the NPH dose into the NPH vial first
- C. Removes any air bubbles after withdrawing the first insulin
- D. Adds air equal to the insulin dose into the regular vial and withdraws the dose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When mixing insulin, the correct order is to draw up the regular insulin first, followed by NPH insulin.
Which gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Adrenal
- C. Pancreas
- D. Ovary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is located just superior to the kidneys. It is part of the endocrine system and plays a crucial role in producing hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, the pancreas (C) is situated in the abdomen, and the ovaries (D) are found in the pelvic region. The adrenal gland's location and function make it the most appropriate choice in this scenario.
Which of the following arteries supply the tail of pancreas?
- A. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
- B. Left gastroepiploic artery
- C. Splenic artery
- D. Superior pancreaticoduodenal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Splenic artery. The splenic artery supplies the tail of the pancreas through its branches. The splenic artery runs along the superior border of the pancreas and gives off multiple branches that supply various parts of the pancreas, including the tail.
A: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the inferior part of the pancreas.
B: Left gastroepiploic artery supplies the greater curvature of the stomach.
D: Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the pancreatic head and duodenum.
Therefore, the splenic artery is the correct answer as it specifically supplies the tail of the pancreas.