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Which of the following hormones is found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?
- A. Gonadotropins
- B. Releasing hormones
- C. Catecholamines
- D. Mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Releasing hormones. Releasing hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and travel through the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries to reach the anterior pituitary gland. This is where they stimulate the release of specific hormones. Gonadotropins (A) are produced by the anterior pituitary gland, not found within the portal capillaries. Catecholamines (C) are produced by the adrenal glands, not within the portal capillaries. Mineralocorticoids (D) are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, not found within the portal capillaries.
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Antoinette has gone to her primary care provider for a routine physical. Some of her laboratory results indicated an endocrine disorder. In hyperparathyroidism which test results are typical?
- A. Decreased WBC and increased alkaline phosphatase.
- B. Increased calcium and decreased phosphate.
- C. Decreased PTH and increased magnesium.
- D. Increased PTH and decreased calcium.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In hyperparathyroidism, increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) leads to increased calcium levels and decreased phosphate levels in the blood.
Which gland secretes two hormones, one that elevates blood glucose levels and another that decreases blood glucose levels?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adenohypophysis
- C. Thyroid
- D. Adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pancreas. The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose levels and glucagon to elevate blood glucose levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while glucagon triggers the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Adenohypophysis (B) secretes various hormones but not related to blood glucose regulation. Thyroid (C) secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly impacting blood glucose levels. Adrenal cortex (D) secretes hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, which are not primarily involved in blood glucose regulation.
One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is .
- A. follicle-stimulating hormone
- B. epinephrine
- C. norepinephrine
- D. androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is the other hormone made by the pituitary gland that helps regulate reproductive cells, along with luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.
Explanation:
1. FSH is directly involved in the reproductive process by stimulating follicle development and sperm production.
2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are not hormones produced by the pituitary gland and are involved in the stress response.
3. Androgens are male sex hormones produced primarily by the testes, not the pituitary gland.
In summary, FSH is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive cells, while the other choices are not involved in the reproductive system or are not produced by the pituitary gland.
Which of the following is NOT true of cortisol?
- A. It counteracts the inflammatory response.
- B. It promotes the breakdown of proteins to amino acids that the liver uses to convert to glucose.
- C. It promotes metabolism of fatty acids instead of glucose.
- D. It is a mineralocorticoid.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D - It is a mineralocorticoid.
Rationale: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, not a mineralocorticoid. Glucocorticoids like cortisol regulate glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation, supporting options A and B. Option C is also incorrect as cortisol promotes the metabolism of glucose over fatty acids.
As the shift begins, you are assigned these patients. Which patient should you assess first?
- A. A 38-year-old patient with Graves' disease and a heart rate of 94/minute
- B. A 63-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes and fingerstick glucose of 137 mg/dL
- C. A 58-year-old patient with hypothyroidism and heart rate of 48/minute
- D. A 49-year-old patient with Cushing's disease and +1 dependent edema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A heart rate of 48/minute in a patient with hypothyroidism could indicate bradycardia, which requires immediate assessment to ensure the patient's safety.