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A patient complains of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. What is the fourth cardinal symptom of diabetes?
- A. Impaired vision
- B. Weight loss
- C. Confused thought processes
- D. Fat intolerance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The fourth cardinal symptom of diabetes is weight loss, along with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
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The hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to:
- A. Cretinism
- B. Myxoedema
- C. Acromegaly
- D. Graves disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acromegaly. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. This occurs due to excess GH after epiphyseal plate closure.
A: Cretinism is caused by congenital hypothyroidism, not GH hypersecretion.
B: Myxoedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism, not related to GH.
D: Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, not GH hypersecretion.
Which of the following hormones is found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?
- A. Gonadotropins
- B. Releasing hormones
- C. Catecholamines
- D. Mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Releasing hormones. Releasing hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and travel through the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries to reach the anterior pituitary gland. This is where they stimulate the release of specific hormones. Gonadotropins (A) are produced by the anterior pituitary gland, not found within the portal capillaries. Catecholamines (C) are produced by the adrenal glands, not within the portal capillaries. Mineralocorticoids (D) are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, not found within the portal capillaries.
This is the Most Abundant Hormone Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
- A. LH
- B. TSH
- C. ACTH
- D. GH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: GH (Growth Hormone). GH is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, and cell repair. LH, TSH, and ACTH are also hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, but they are not as abundant as GH and do not have the same wide-ranging effects on the body. LH is involved in reproductive functions, TSH regulates thyroid function, and ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands. Therefore, based on the function and abundance of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, GH is the correct answer.
What describes the primary difference in treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)?
- A. DKA requires administration of bicarbonate to correct acidosis.
- B. Potassium replacement is not necessary in management of HHS.
- C. HHS requires greater fluid replacement to correct the dehydration.
- D. Administration of glucose is withheld in HHS until the blood glucose reaches a normal level.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HHS requires more fluid replacement due to severe dehydration, while DKA management focuses more on correcting acidosis and insulin deficiency.
Which artery generally gives rise to inferior thyroid artery?
- A. External carotid artery
- B. Internal carotid artery
- C. Brachiocephalic trunk
- D. Thyrocervical trunk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The inferior thyroid artery typically arises from the thyrocervical trunk.
2. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery.
3. This artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland.
4. The external carotid artery and internal carotid artery do not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery.
5. The brachiocephalic trunk does not directly supply blood to the thyroid gland.
In conclusion, the correct answer is D because the thyrocervical trunk is the main artery that gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery, providing blood supply to the thyroid gland.