Nokea
Regarding thyroid hormones:
- A. little T3 is produced peripherally by deiodination T4
- B. albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG
- C. TBG has less affinity for thyroid hormone than albumin
- D. thyroid hormones stimulate lipogenesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Albumin binds more thyroid hormones than TBG due to its higher concentration in the blood.
Step 2: TBG has higher affinity for thyroid hormones than albumin, leading to less free hormone.
Step 3: Hence, choice B is correct as albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones.
Summary: Choice A is incorrect as significant T3 is produced peripherally. Choice C is incorrect as TBG has higher affinity. Choice D is incorrect as thyroid hormones stimulate lipolysis, not lipogenesis.
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T3 and T4:
- A. stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH.
- B. regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
- C. stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct:
1. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
2. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism.
3. T3 and T4 directly influence the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
4. An increase in T3 and T4 levels leads to an increase in BMR.
5. Therefore, choice B is correct as T3 and T4 regulate the basal metabolic rate.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice A (stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH) is incorrect as TSH is produced by the pituitary gland, not affected by T3 and T4.
- Choice C (stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels) is incorrect as this function is primarily attributed to parathyroid hormone, not T3 and T4.
- Choice D (all is applicable) is incorrect as only choice B
Terbutaline specifically stimulates:
- A. Alpha1 receptors
- B. Alpha2 receptors
- C. Beta1 receptors
- D. Beta2 receptors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Terbutaline specifically stimulates Beta2 receptors. This leads to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles in the airways. Beta2 receptors are predominantly found in the lungs. Option A and B are incorrect as terbutaline does not target Alpha receptors. Option C is incorrect as terbutaline does not primarily stimulate Beta1 receptors, which are mainly found in the heart.
Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase. Which food type does salivary amylase begin to break down?
- A. Proteins
- B. Starches
- C. Roughage
- D. Fats
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salivary amylase breaks down starches into simple sugars like maltose. Starch is a complex carbohydrate found in foods like bread, pasta, and rice. When you chew food, salivary amylase in saliva starts the digestion process by breaking down starch molecules. Proteins are broken down by stomach enzymes, roughage (fiber) is not digested by enzymes in the mouth, and fats are primarily digested in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase. Therefore, choice B, starches, is the correct answer as salivary amylase specifically targets this food type for initial breakdown.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. maintain homeostasis
- B. influence metabolism
- C. influence growth and development
- D. breaking down nutrients
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: breaking down nutrients. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones do not directly break down nutrients; instead, they regulate the processes involved in nutrient breakdown. A: maintaining homeostasis is a function of hormones as they help regulate internal balance. B: influencing metabolism is a function of hormones as they regulate energy production and utilization. C: influencing growth and development is a function of hormones as they play a crucial role in the growth and maturation of cells and tissues.
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Gonadal.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gonadal glands. These glands differ between males and females in terms of the hormones they secrete. In males, the gonadal glands (testes) produce testosterone, while in females, the gonadal glands (ovaries) produce estrogen and progesterone. Adrenal glands (A) secrete hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not gender-specific. Parathyroid glands (B) regulate calcium levels and are not gender-specific. Pancreas (D) secretes insulin and glucagon, which are also not gender-specific. Therefore, the key difference in secretions between males and females lies in the gonadal glands.