Nokea
Antoinette has gone to her primary care provider for a routine physical. Some of her laboratory results indicated an endocrine disorder. In hyperparathyroidism which test results are typical?
- A. Decreased WBC and increased alkaline phosphatase.
- B. Increased calcium and decreased phosphate.
- C. Decreased PTH and increased magnesium.
- D. Increased PTH and decreased calcium.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In hyperparathyroidism, increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) leads to increased calcium levels and decreased phosphate levels in the blood.
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One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
- A. the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
- B. catabolic inhibition
- C. protein synthesis
- D. humoral stimulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: humoral stimulation. This mechanism directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Humoral stimulation refers to the regulation of hormone secretion in response to changes in blood levels of various substances like ions and nutrients. It is a feedback mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels based on the body's needs.
A: Rapid oxidation of carbohydrates is not related to endocrine control systems responding to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
B: Catabolic inhibition does not directly respond to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
C: Protein synthesis is not a mechanism that directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
Which of the following hormones is found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?
- A. Gonadotropins
- B. Releasing hormones
- C. Catecholamines
- D. Mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Releasing hormones. Releasing hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and travel through the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries to reach the anterior pituitary gland. This is where they stimulate the release of specific hormones. Gonadotropins (A) are produced by the anterior pituitary gland, not found within the portal capillaries. Catecholamines (C) are produced by the adrenal glands, not within the portal capillaries. Mineralocorticoids (D) are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, not found within the portal capillaries.
A patient presents with a moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple straiae, buffalo hump, fragile skin and impaired glucose tolerance. The opposite of the current increased levels of the prime hormone involved in this patient is seen in:
- A. Addison's disease
- B. Pheochromocytoma
- C. Hyperaldosteronism
- D. Cushing's syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the symptoms described in the patient: Moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple striae, buffalo hump, fragile skin, impaired glucose tolerance.
Step 2: These symptoms are classic for Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excess cortisol.
Step 3: The opposite of increased cortisol levels is decreased cortisol levels.
Step 4: Addison's disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased cortisol levels.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Addison's disease.
Summary:
- B: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing excess catecholamines, not related to cortisol.
- C: Hyperaldosteronism is excess aldosterone production, not related to cortisol.
- D: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol, not the opposite.
Which endocrine gland normally produces insulin?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Pancreas
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is the endocrine gland responsible for producing insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. It is located behind the stomach and plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose balance in the body. The other choices, A: Adrenal, B: Parathyroid, and D: Liver, do not normally produce insulin. Adrenal glands produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, the parathyroid regulates calcium levels, and the liver performs various metabolic functions but does not produce insulin. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct choice for insulin production.
This cone-shaped gland is located in the head and is called the “biological clock.â€
- A. Posterior pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pineal
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the brain and is often referred to as the "biological clock" due to its role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle through the secretion of melatonin. The posterior pituitary (choice A) is responsible for releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus, not related to the circadian rhythm. The hypothalamus (choice B) is involved in regulating various physiological processes but is not directly associated with the circadian rhythm. The thymus (choice D) plays a role in the immune system, not in regulating the biological clock. Thus, the pineal gland is the correct answer as it specifically controls the circadian rhythm.