Nokea
The hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to:
- A. Cretinism
- B. Myxoedema
- C. Acromegaly
- D. Graves disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acromegaly. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. This occurs due to excess GH after epiphyseal plate closure.
A: Cretinism is caused by congenital hypothyroidism, not GH hypersecretion.
B: Myxoedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism, not related to GH.
D: Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, not GH hypersecretion.
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This cone-shaped gland is located in the head and is called the “biological clock.â€
- A. Posterior pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pineal
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the brain and is often referred to as the "biological clock" due to its role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle through the secretion of melatonin. The posterior pituitary (choice A) is responsible for releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus, not related to the circadian rhythm. The hypothalamus (choice B) is involved in regulating various physiological processes but is not directly associated with the circadian rhythm. The thymus (choice D) plays a role in the immune system, not in regulating the biological clock. Thus, the pineal gland is the correct answer as it specifically controls the circadian rhythm.
Which of the following arteries supply the tail of pancreas?
- A. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
- B. Left gastroepiploic artery
- C. Splenic artery
- D. Superior pancreaticoduodenal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Splenic artery. The splenic artery supplies the tail of the pancreas through its branches. The splenic artery runs along the superior border of the pancreas and gives off multiple branches that supply various parts of the pancreas, including the tail.
A: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the inferior part of the pancreas.
B: Left gastroepiploic artery supplies the greater curvature of the stomach.
D: Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the pancreatic head and duodenum.
Therefore, the splenic artery is the correct answer as it specifically supplies the tail of the pancreas.
A patient with diabetes is learning to mix regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe. The nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when the patient does what?
- A. Withdraws the NPH dose into the syringe first
- B. Injects air equal to the NPH dose into the NPH vial first
- C. Removes any air bubbles after withdrawing the first insulin
- D. Adds air equal to the insulin dose into the regular vial and withdraws the dose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When mixing insulin, the correct order is to draw up the regular insulin first, followed by NPH insulin.
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.
- A. entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
- B. exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism
- C. causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure
- D. acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because thyroid hormone is a lipid-soluble hormone that can diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. This binding activates gene transcription, leading to various metabolic effects. Choice B is incorrect because thyroid hormone actually has a significant impact on body metabolism. Choice C is incorrect as thyroid hormone does not directly affect blood vessel adrenergic receptors or blood pressure. Choice D is incorrect as thyroid hormone actually acts to increase basal metabolic rate, not decrease it.
The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.
- A. nervous
- B. circulatory
- C. digestive
- D. reproductive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system can directly override normal endocrine controls through the release of neurotransmitters that can stimulate or inhibit hormone release from endocrine glands. The nervous system can rapidly respond to immediate changes in the internal or external environment, allowing for quick adjustments in hormone levels.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: The circulatory system is not involved in directly overriding endocrine controls.
C: The digestive system primarily regulates the breakdown and absorption of nutrients, not endocrine controls.
D: The reproductive system is responsible for the production of sex hormones and gametes, but it does not directly override normal endocrine controls.