Nokea
Which gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Adrenal
- C. Pancreas
- D. Ovary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is located just superior to the kidneys. It is part of the endocrine system and plays a crucial role in producing hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, the pancreas (C) is situated in the abdomen, and the ovaries (D) are found in the pelvic region. The adrenal gland's location and function make it the most appropriate choice in this scenario.
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Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
- A. Thyroid.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Testes.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thyroid. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which regulate the body's metabolic rate. These hormones control the basal metabolic rate (BMR) by influencing the rate at which cells use energy. The other choices, B: Parathyroid, C: Testes, and D: Pancreas, do not directly control BMR. Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, Testes produce hormones related to reproduction, and Pancreas regulates blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion. Thyroid is the only gland among the choices that specifically influences BMR.
Atropine has the following pharmacological effects EXCEPT:
- A. It increases the heart rate
- B. Stimulates the respiratory center
- C. Has a mydriatic effect
- D. Produces bronchoconstriction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Atropine does not produce bronchoconstriction. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to increased heart rate (A), stimulation of the respiratory center (B), and mydriatic effect (C). Bronchoconstriction is not a pharmacological effect of atropine because it actually helps dilate the bronchi, making it a useful treatment in cases of bronchospasm.
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
- A. the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
- B. catabolic inhibition
- C. protein synthesis
- D. humoral stimulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: humoral stimulation. This mechanism directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Humoral stimulation refers to the regulation of hormone secretion in response to changes in blood levels of various substances like ions and nutrients. It is a feedback mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels based on the body's needs.
A: Rapid oxidation of carbohydrates is not related to endocrine control systems responding to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
B: Catabolic inhibition does not directly respond to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
C: Protein synthesis is not a mechanism that directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
Which gland secretes two hormones, one that elevates blood glucose levels and another that decreases blood glucose levels?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adenohypophysis
- C. Thyroid
- D. Adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pancreas. The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose levels and glucagon to elevate blood glucose levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while glucagon triggers the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Adenohypophysis (B) secretes various hormones but not related to blood glucose regulation. Thyroid (C) secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly impacting blood glucose levels. Adrenal cortex (D) secretes hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, which are not primarily involved in blood glucose regulation.
What is the mass of hydrogen chloride that reacts with 5.1 g of ammonia?
- A. 3.65g
- B. 10.95g
- C. 7.05g
- D. 21.15g
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: To find the mass of hydrogen chloride that reacts with 5.1g of ammonia, we need to use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The balanced equation for the reaction between ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) is:
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of NH3 reacts with 1 mole of HCl to form 1 mole of NH4Cl. Therefore, the molar ratio of NH3 to HCl is 1:1.
First, we need to convert the given mass of ammonia (5.1g) to moles using the molar mass of ammonia (17g/mol):
5.1g NH3 * (1 mol NH3 / 17g NH3) = 0.3 mol NH3
Since the molar ratio of NH3 to HCl is 1:1, the moles of HCl that react with