Nokea
The patient with diabetes insipidus is brought to the emergency department with confusion and dehydration after excretion of a large volume of urine today even though several liters of fluid were drunk. What is a diagnostic test that the nurse should expect to be done to help make a diagnosis?
- A. Blood glucose
- B. Serum sodium level
- C. Urine specific gravity
- D. Computed tomography (CT) of the head
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Urine specific gravity is typically low in diabetes insipidus due to excessive urine output and inability to concentrate urine.
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Adrenaline is contraindicated in:
- A. Cardiac arrest
- B. Acute bronchial asthma
- C. Anaphylactic shock
- D. Hypertension
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenaline is contraindicated in hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure and increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Adrenaline's vasoconstrictive effects can further elevate blood pressure in individuals with hypertension, potentially leading to severe complications. Therefore, it is crucial to avoid administering adrenaline in patients with hypertension to prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Summary:
- A: Adrenaline is indicated in cardiac arrest to improve cardiac output.
- B: Adrenaline is indicated in acute bronchial asthma to relax bronchial smooth muscles.
- C: Adrenaline is indicated in anaphylactic shock to reverse severe allergic reactions.
- D (Correct): Adrenaline is contraindicated in hypertension due to its vasoconstrictive effects.
Which gland secretes two hormones, one that elevates blood glucose levels and another that decreases blood glucose levels?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adenohypophysis
- C. Thyroid
- D. Adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pancreas. The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose levels and glucagon to elevate blood glucose levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while glucagon triggers the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Adenohypophysis (B) secretes various hormones but not related to blood glucose regulation. Thyroid (C) secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly impacting blood glucose levels. Adrenal cortex (D) secretes hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, which are not primarily involved in blood glucose regulation.
Which gland is responsible for the production of insulin?
- A. ovaries
- B. testes
- C. hypothalamus
- D. islets of Langerhans
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells within the pancreas are responsible for producing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. The ovaries (A) and testes (B) are not responsible for insulin production. The hypothalamus (C) plays a role in regulating many bodily functions, but it is not directly involved in insulin production.
This is the Most Abundant Hormone Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
- A. LH
- B. TSH
- C. ACTH
- D. GH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: GH (Growth Hormone). GH is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, and cell repair. LH, TSH, and ACTH are also hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, but they are not as abundant as GH and do not have the same wide-ranging effects on the body. LH is involved in reproductive functions, TSH regulates thyroid function, and ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands. Therefore, based on the function and abundance of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, GH is the correct answer.
Which of the following arteries supply the tail of pancreas?
- A. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
- B. Left gastroepiploic artery
- C. Splenic artery
- D. Superior pancreaticoduodenal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Splenic artery. The splenic artery supplies the tail of the pancreas through its branches. The splenic artery runs along the superior border of the pancreas and gives off multiple branches that supply various parts of the pancreas, including the tail.
A: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the inferior part of the pancreas.
B: Left gastroepiploic artery supplies the greater curvature of the stomach.
D: Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the pancreatic head and duodenum.
Therefore, the splenic artery is the correct answer as it specifically supplies the tail of the pancreas.