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Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
- A. Thyroid.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Testes.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thyroid. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which regulate the body's metabolic rate. These hormones control the basal metabolic rate (BMR) by influencing the rate at which cells use energy. The other choices, B: Parathyroid, C: Testes, and D: Pancreas, do not directly control BMR. Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, Testes produce hormones related to reproduction, and Pancreas regulates blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion. Thyroid is the only gland among the choices that specifically influences BMR.
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In the emergency department, during initial assessment of a new admission with diabetes, you discover all of the following. Which information should you immediately report to the physician?
- A. Hammertoe of the left second metatarsophalangeal joint
- B. Rapid respiratory rate with deep inspirations
- C. Numbness and tingling bilaterally in feet and hands
- D. Decreased sensitivity and swelling of the abdomen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rapid respiratory rate with deep inspirations may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or another metabolic disturbance and requires immediate intervention.
Which gland is associated with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Pancreas
- C. Parathyroid gland
- D. Neurohypophysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is associated with producing hormones related to sugar (glucocorticoids), salt (mineralocorticoids), and sex (androgens). Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism, mineralocorticoids regulate salt balance, and androgens are sex hormones. The pancreas primarily regulates blood sugar levels. The parathyroid gland is responsible for calcium and phosphorus balance, not sugar, salt, and sex. The neurohypophysis is part of the pituitary gland and mainly regulates water balance and blood pressure, not specifically sugar, salt, and sex.
A patient presents with a moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple straiae, buffalo hump, fragile skin and impaired glucose tolerance. The opposite of the current increased levels of the prime hormone involved in this patient is seen in:
- A. Addison's disease
- B. Pheochromocytoma
- C. Hyperaldosteronism
- D. Cushing's syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the symptoms described in the patient: Moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple striae, buffalo hump, fragile skin, impaired glucose tolerance.
Step 2: These symptoms are classic for Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excess cortisol.
Step 3: The opposite of increased cortisol levels is decreased cortisol levels.
Step 4: Addison's disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased cortisol levels.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Addison's disease.
Summary:
- B: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing excess catecholamines, not related to cortisol.
- C: Hyperaldosteronism is excess aldosterone production, not related to cortisol.
- D: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol, not the opposite.
This is the Most Abundant Hormone Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
- A. LH
- B. TSH
- C. ACTH
- D. GH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: GH (Growth Hormone). GH is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, and cell repair. LH, TSH, and ACTH are also hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, but they are not as abundant as GH and do not have the same wide-ranging effects on the body. LH is involved in reproductive functions, TSH regulates thyroid function, and ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands. Therefore, based on the function and abundance of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, GH is the correct answer.
A morbidly obese person visits the local bariatric (weight loss) clinic seeking a pill that will help shed weight. The physician prescribes dextroamphetamine. In addition to causing its expected centrally mediated anorexigenic (appetite-suppressant) effects, it causes a host of peripheral adrenergic effects that, for some patients, can prove fatal. The main mechanism by which dextroamphetamine or amphetamines in general, cause their peripheral autonomic effects is
- A. Activates MAO
- B. Blocks NE reuptake via the amine pump/transporter
- C. Displaces, releases, intraneuronal NE
- D. Enhances NE synthesis, leading to massive neurotransmitter overproduction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C): Dextroamphetamine causes peripheral adrenergic effects by displacing, releasing, intraneuronal NE. Amphetamines disrupt the storage and release of NE from intraneuronal vesicles, leading to an increase in synaptic NE levels. This excess NE can stimulate adrenergic receptors in the periphery, causing adverse effects like hypertension, tachycardia, and potentially fatal outcomes.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Activating MAO would increase NE breakdown, not cause peripheral adrenergic effects.
B: Blocking NE reuptake would increase NE levels in the synapse, not intraneuronally, leading to central effects.
D: Enhancing NE synthesis would not directly lead to peripheral adrenergic effects, as it would require release and action at the synapse.