Nokea
Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?
- A. Blood prolactin levels are too low for milk production to occur
- B. Human placental lactogen levels are too low for milk production to occur
- C. The fetal adrenal gland does not produce sufficient estriol
- D. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are high
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit lactation by suppressing the release of prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. Estrogen and progesterone maintain the pregnancy and prevent premature labor, so the body prioritizes their functions over lactation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because low blood prolactin levels, human placental lactogen levels, and fetal adrenal gland's estriol production are not directly related to the suppression of lactation during pregnancy.
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Priority Decision: When replacement therapy is started for a patient with long-standing hypothyroidism, what is most important for the nurse to monitor the patient for?
- A. Insomnia
- B. Nervousness
- C. Weight loss
- D. Dysrhythmias
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Starting replacement therapy in patients with long-standing hypothyroidism requires close monitoring for potential cardiac dysrhythmias, especially as the thyroid hormones normalize.
Which endocrine gland normally produces insulin?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Pancreas
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is the endocrine gland responsible for producing insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. It is located behind the stomach and plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose balance in the body. The other choices, A: Adrenal, B: Parathyroid, and D: Liver, do not normally produce insulin. Adrenal glands produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, the parathyroid regulates calcium levels, and the liver performs various metabolic functions but does not produce insulin. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct choice for insulin production.
The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.
- A. nervous
- B. circulatory
- C. digestive
- D. reproductive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system can directly override normal endocrine controls through the release of neurotransmitters that can stimulate or inhibit hormone release from endocrine glands. The nervous system can rapidly respond to immediate changes in the internal or external environment, allowing for quick adjustments in hormone levels.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: The circulatory system is not involved in directly overriding endocrine controls.
C: The digestive system primarily regulates the breakdown and absorption of nutrients, not endocrine controls.
D: The reproductive system is responsible for the production of sex hormones and gametes, but it does not directly override normal endocrine controls.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the peritoneum?
- A. The largest serous membrane
- B. A serous membrane
- C. The largest synovial membrane
- D. A mucous membrane
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the peritoneum is indeed the largest serous membrane in the body. It lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it, providing lubrication and reducing friction. Choice B is incorrect because the peritoneum is a serous membrane, not a synovial membrane (Choice C) or a mucous membrane (Choice D). The peritoneum does not secrete synovial fluid like synovial membranes or produce mucus like mucous membranes. Hence, Choice A is the only statement that accurately describes the peritoneum.
Which one of the following is a cardio selective β1-blocker:
- A. Timolol
- B. Metoprolol
- C. Nadolol
- D. Sotalol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metoprolol. Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker, meaning it primarily blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart, leading to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. This selectivity reduces the risk of bronchoconstriction compared to non-selective beta blockers like Timolol (Choice A), Nadolol (Choice C), and Sotalol (Choice D), which can also block beta-2 receptors in the lungs, potentially causing respiratory issues in patients with asthma or COPD. Therefore, Metoprolol is the best choice for patients with cardiovascular conditions who also have respiratory concerns.