Nokea
All the following are endocrine glands, EXCEPT the:
- A. sweat gland
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sweat gland. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting distant target organs. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat onto the skin surface to regulate body temperature. The adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland are all endocrine glands that secrete hormones, making them the correct choices. A sweat gland does not secrete hormones into the bloodstream, so it does not qualify as an endocrine gland.
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In relation to amphetamine, all are true EXCEPT:
- A. Indirect acting sympathomimetic
- B. Has prominent CNS action
- C. Chronic use can produce addiction
- D. Acidification of urine decreases its excretion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because acidification of urine actually increases the excretion of amphetamine. Step 1: Amphetamine is an indirect acting sympathomimetic, which means it stimulates the release of norepinephrine. Step 2: It has prominent CNS action by increasing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to effects like increased alertness and euphoria. Step 3: Chronic use of amphetamine can indeed lead to addiction due to its reinforcing properties and impact on the brain's reward system. Therefore, D is incorrect as acidification of urine does not decrease amphetamine excretion; instead, it can enhance excretion by increasing its solubility in urine.
The patient with diabetes insipidus is brought to the emergency department with confusion and dehydration after excretion of a large volume of urine today even though several liters of fluid were drunk. What is a diagnostic test that the nurse should expect to be done to help make a diagnosis?
- A. Blood glucose
- B. Serum sodium level
- C. Urine specific gravity
- D. Computed tomography (CT) of the head
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Urine specific gravity is typically low in diabetes insipidus due to excessive urine output and inability to concentrate urine.
Monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) is responsible for:
- A. Adrenaline activation
- B. Adrenaline synthesis
- C. Adrenaline degradation
- D. Acetylcholine degradation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) is responsible for the degradation of neurotransmitters like adrenaline. MAO breaks down adrenaline into inactive metabolites, regulating its levels in the body. This process is crucial for maintaining neurotransmitter balance. Choice A is incorrect because MAO does not activate adrenaline. Choice B is incorrect as MAO is not involved in adrenaline synthesis. Choice D is incorrect as MAO does not degrade acetylcholine, but rather neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and adrenaline.
A patient with diabetes is learning to mix regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe. The nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when the patient does what?
- A. Withdraws the NPH dose into the syringe first
- B. Injects air equal to the NPH dose into the NPH vial first
- C. Removes any air bubbles after withdrawing the first insulin
- D. Adds air equal to the insulin dose into the regular vial and withdraws the dose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When mixing insulin, the correct order is to draw up the regular insulin first, followed by NPH insulin.
Which of the following is NOT true of testosterone?
- A. growth of the penis and testes.
- B. brings about the male secondary sex characteristics.
- C. can cause baldness.
- D. controlled from the thyroid gland.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because testosterone is not controlled by the thyroid gland. Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes and regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The other choices (A, B, C) are all true of testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for the growth of the penis and testes (A), development of male secondary sex characteristics (B), and can potentially lead to baldness due to its effects on hair follicles (C). Thyroid gland primarily regulates metabolism and energy levels, not testosterone production.