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The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of __________.
- A. pituitary gland stimuli
- B. humoral stimuli
- C. neural stimuli
- D. hormonal stimuli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: humoral stimuli. Parathyroid hormone secretion is regulated by the concentration of calcium in the blood, which is an example of humoral stimuli. When blood calcium levels decrease, parathyroid hormone is released to increase calcium levels. Pituitary gland stimuli (A), neural stimuli (C), and hormonal stimuli (D) are not directly involved in the regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion.
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A nurse educator is giving a presentation on hypothalamic hormones. Which of the following hypothalamic hormones when stimulated is controlled by another hypothalamic hormone?
- A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is regulated by another hypothalamic hormone, somatostatin, which inhibits its release.
A patient complains of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. What is the fourth cardinal symptom of diabetes?
- A. Impaired vision
- B. Weight loss
- C. Confused thought processes
- D. Fat intolerance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The fourth cardinal symptom of diabetes is weight loss, along with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Underproduction of growth hormone during the growing years produces ______.
- A. myxedema.
- B. gigantism.
- C. pituitary dwarfism.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pituitary dwarfism. Growth hormone deficiency during growing years results in pituitary dwarfism due to stunted growth. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, not growth hormone deficiency. Gigantism (choice B) occurs due to excessive growth hormone production in childhood. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone in adulthood, not during the growing years. Thus, choice C is the most appropriate based on the impact of growth hormone deficiency on growth during childhood.
A patient presents with a moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple straiae, buffalo hump, fragile skin and impaired glucose tolerance. The opposite of the current increased levels of the prime hormone involved in this patient is seen in:
- A. Addison's disease
- B. Pheochromocytoma
- C. Hyperaldosteronism
- D. Cushing's syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the symptoms described in the patient: Moon face, truncal obesity, hypertension, purple striae, buffalo hump, fragile skin, impaired glucose tolerance.
Step 2: These symptoms are classic for Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excess cortisol.
Step 3: The opposite of increased cortisol levels is decreased cortisol levels.
Step 4: Addison's disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased cortisol levels.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Addison's disease.
Summary:
- B: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing excess catecholamines, not related to cortisol.
- C: Hyperaldosteronism is excess aldosterone production, not related to cortisol.
- D: Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol, not the opposite.
Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
- A. Thyroid.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Testes.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thyroid. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which regulate the body's metabolic rate. These hormones control the basal metabolic rate (BMR) by influencing the rate at which cells use energy. The other choices, B: Parathyroid, C: Testes, and D: Pancreas, do not directly control BMR. Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, Testes produce hormones related to reproduction, and Pancreas regulates blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion. Thyroid is the only gland among the choices that specifically influences BMR.