Nokea
Calcium level in the blood is regulated by the:
- A. Parathyroid and thyroid
- B. Adrenal medulla and pancreas
- C. Testes
- D. Parathyroid and thymus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Parathyroid and thyroid. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines. The thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. The adrenal medulla and pancreas do not play a direct role in regulating calcium levels. Testes are not involved in calcium regulation. The thymus is responsible for developing T-cells and does not have a role in calcium regulation.
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A drug useful in the treatment of acute attack of migraine is:
- A. Sumatriptan
- B. Ergometrine
- C. Dihydroergometrine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sumatriptan is the correct answer for treating acute migraine attacks as it is a specific serotonin receptor agonist that helps constrict blood vessels in the brain. Ergometrine and dihydroergometrine are ergot alkaloids used for other conditions, not migraine. Propranolol is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute attacks.
An example of a hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is:
- A. calcitonin.
- B. histamine.
- C. oxytocin.
- D. melatonin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Oxytocin is released during childbirth to stimulate uterine contractions.
2. As contractions increase, oxytocin secretion is further stimulated in a positive feedback loop.
3. This positive feedback mechanism amplifies the contractions until delivery.
4. Calcitonin regulates calcium levels, histamine is involved in allergic responses, and melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Summary:
- Calcitonin, histamine, and melatonin do not exhibit positive feedback regulation like oxytocin during childbirth.
Terbutaline specifically stimulates:
- A. Alpha1 receptors
- B. Alpha2 receptors
- C. Beta1 receptors
- D. Beta2 receptors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Terbutaline specifically stimulates Beta2 receptors. This leads to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles in the airways. Beta2 receptors are predominantly found in the lungs. Option A and B are incorrect as terbutaline does not target Alpha receptors. Option C is incorrect as terbutaline does not primarily stimulate Beta1 receptors, which are mainly found in the heart.
As the shift begins, you are assigned these patients. Which patient should you assess first?
- A. A 38-year-old patient with Graves' disease and a heart rate of 94/minute
- B. A 63-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes and fingerstick glucose of 137 mg/dL
- C. A 58-year-old patient with hypothyroidism and heart rate of 48/minute
- D. A 49-year-old patient with Cushing's disease and +1 dependent edema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A heart rate of 48/minute in a patient with hypothyroidism could indicate bradycardia, which requires immediate assessment to ensure the patient's safety.
Which endocrine gland normally produces insulin?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Pancreas
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is the endocrine gland responsible for producing insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. It is located behind the stomach and plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose balance in the body. The other choices, A: Adrenal, B: Parathyroid, and D: Liver, do not normally produce insulin. Adrenal glands produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, the parathyroid regulates calcium levels, and the liver performs various metabolic functions but does not produce insulin. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct choice for insulin production.