Nokea
The founder of the classical school of criminology was
- A. Jeremy Bentham
- B. Cesare Beccaria
- C. Cesare Lombroso
- D. Edwin Sutherland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cesare Beccaria founded the classical school, emphasizing rational choice in crime.
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x role stereotypes describe what we think the sexes are like, but also
- A. How we think they should act
- B. How the media should portray the sexes
- C. The future career choices
- D. How we should interact with the other sex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sex role stereotypes include prescriptive norms about how each sex should behave.
The ego's protective method of unconsciously reducing anxiety is
- A. Withdrawal
- B. Self guard
- C. Defense mechanism
- D. Resistance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Defense mechanisms (Freud) unconsciously reduce anxiety, unlike conscious strategies.
Bandura (1997) defined collective efficacy as:
- A. A group's shared belief in its conjoint capabilities to organise and execute the course of action required to produce given levels of attainments
- B. A group's belief in its capabilities to beat others
- C. A group's ability to be successful
- D. A group's belief in the ability of the team's most successful player
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Collective efficacy (Bandura, 1997) is a group's shared belief in its collective capabilities.
Which comment by a mother during a family therapy session shows evidence of scapegoating?
- A. Our youngest child always starts arguments and upsets everyone else.
- B. We all express our feelings openly except when we think it might upset my husband.
- C. Our oldest child knows that my husband and I are doing all we can for the others.
- D. After my husband has been drinking, I have to get everyone up and ready for school.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Scapegoating is blaming family problems on a member of the family who is not very powerful. The purpose of the blaming is to keep the focus off painful issues and off the blamers themselves. A double-bind message, such as We all express our feelings openly except when, involves giving instructions that are inherently contradictory or that place the person in a no-win situation. Our oldest child knows that is an example oftriangulation, wherein a third party is engaged to help stabilize an unstable pair within the family. A child assuming parental responsibilities (e.g., caring for siblings) because a parent fails to do so is an example of enabling.
The theorist who believes human behavior is learned through consequences is
- A. Sigmund Freud
- B. Carl Rogers
- C. B.F. Skinner
- D. Albert Bandura
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Skinner's operant conditioning ties behavior to consequences.