Nokea
59 old year female hospitalized in emergency department with confusion and breathlessness. Physical examination reveals: tachycardia, tachypnea and disorientation. Patient has diabetes type 2 and remember that she has taken a drug in the morning. Which of the following can cause the above mentioned symptoms:
- A. Acarbose
- B. Glipizide
- C. Glucagon
- D. Metformin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glipizide can cause hypoglycemia leading to confusion, tachycardia, and breathlessness, especially if taken without food.
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The nurse is aware that for a drug to work properly on reactive tissues, a sufficient amount of the drug is needed to cause the therapeutic effect. The term used for this amount is:
- A. Critical concentration
- B. Dynamic equilibrium
- C. Selective toxicity
- D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A critical concentration of a drug must be present before a reaction occurs within our cells. A dynamic equilibrium is obtained from absorption of a drug from the site of drug entry, distribution to the active site, metabolism in the liver, and excretion from the body to have a critical concentration. Selective toxicity is the ability of a drug to attach only to those systems found in foreign cells. Active transport is the process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane and is often involved in drug excretion in the kidney.
When reviewing information about the Orphan Drug Program, which of the following would the nurse expect to find? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. The program encourages the development and marketing of products to treat rare diseases.
- B. The program grants provisional approval with a written commitment from the drug company to formally demonstrate client benefits.
- C. The program provides for incentives, such as research grants, protocol assistance, and special tax credits, to develop products to treat rare diseases.
- D. The program grants 7 years of exclusive marketing rights to the manufacturer if approved.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Orphan Drug Program encourages the development and marketing of products used to treat rare diseases. The program provides incentives to encourage manufacturers to develop orphan drugs, and if approved, the manufacturer has 7 years of exclusive marketing rights. Accelerated programs involve provisional approval and approval based on preliminary evidence.
A patient who is unconscious arrives in the emergency department with clammy skin and constricted pupils. The nurse assesses a respiratory rate of 8 to 10 breaths per minute. The paramedics report obvious signs of drug abuse in the patient's home. The nurse suspects that this patient has had an overdose of which substance?
- A. Alcohol
- B. LSD
- C. An opioid
- D. Methamphetamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Opioid overdose causes miosis and respiratory depression; alcohol or meth differ. Opioid overdose is characterized by constricted pupils and respiratory depression.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is prescribed for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The nurse monitors the client after medication administration for which therapeutic response?
- A. Decreased urinary output
- B. Decreased blood pressure
- C. Decreased peripheral edema
- D. Decreased blood glucose level
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Desmopressin promotes renal conservation of water. The hormone carries out this action by acting on the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase their permeability to water, which results in increased water reabsorption. The therapeutic effect of this medication would be manifested by a decreased urine output. Options 2, 3, and 4 are unrelated to the effects of this medication.
Please select a correct statement:
- A. The risk of glaucoma and cataract increases with long-term use of steroids
- B. in the case of long term corticosteroid therapy rapid withdrawal increase the risk of hypertonic crisis
- C. Prescribing steroids in the case of transplantation stimulated transplant rejection
- D. In the bone steroids decrease osteoclasts and increase osteoblasts
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Long-term steroid use increases the risk of glaucoma and cataracts due to ocular effects.