Nokea
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
- A. decrease the rate of breathing
- B. double the respiratory rate
- C. decrease pulmonary ventilation
- D. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A 10% increase in CO2 levels triggers chemoreceptors to signal the brainstem, increasing the respiratory rate to eliminate excess CO2. This is known as hypercapnia-induced hyperventilation. Option A is incorrect because an increase in CO2 levels would not decrease the rate of breathing. Option C is incorrect because an increase in CO2 would actually stimulate an increase in pulmonary ventilation to remove the excess CO2. Option D is incorrect because alveolar ventilation (gas exchange in the lungs) would increase, not decrease, to maintain proper oxygen and CO2 levels in the body.
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The 'Adams' Apple' is the:
- A. thyroid cartilage.
- B. cricoid cartilage.
- C. corniculate cartilage.
- D. cuneiform cartilage.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The 'Adams' Apple' is the prominent bulge in the front of the neck and corresponds to the thyroid cartilage. This cartilage forms the largest part of the larynx and is more prominent in males due to hormonal differences. The cricoid cartilage (Choice B) is located below the thyroid cartilage. Corniculate cartilage (Choice C) and cuneiform cartilage (Choice D) are smaller cartilages in the larynx and are not responsible for the 'Adams' Apple' prominence.
During inspiration
- A. diaphragm relaxes and thoracic space decrease
- B. diaphragm contract only
- C. Diaphragm contract and thoracic space increase
- D. both A and D
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, causing it to move downward and increase the thoracic space. This creates a negative pressure in the lungs, allowing air to rush in. Choice A is incorrect as the diaphragm contracts rather than relaxes during inspiration. Choice B is incorrect since other muscles like the external intercostals also aid in expanding the thoracic cavity. Choice D is incorrect because it combines a correct statement with an incorrect one. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it accurately describes the process of inspiration involving both diaphragm contraction and an increase in thoracic space.
A nurse assesses a client after a thoracentesis. Which assessment finding warrants immediate action?
- A. The client rates pain as a 5/10 at the site of the procedure.
- B. A small amount of drainage from the site is noted.
- C. Pulse oximetry is 93% on 2 liters of oxygen.
- D. The trachea is deviated toward the opposite side of the neck.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because tracheal deviation indicates a potential pneumothorax, a life-threatening complication of thoracentesis. Trachea should be midline. A, B, and C are incorrect because mild pain, small drainage, and slightly decreased oxygen saturation are expected findings post-thoracentesis and do not necessitate immediate action.
Respiration involves one of the following sets of processes
- A. Inspiration, exchange of gases, Expiration
- B. Aspiration, Inspiration, Expiration
- C. External, Internal and Expiration
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it accurately describes the processes involved in respiration. Inspiration is the intake of oxygen, exchange of gases occurs in the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released, and expiration is the process of exhaling carbon dioxide.
Option B is incorrect because aspiration refers to the act of inhaling foreign objects or substances, not a part of normal respiration. Option C is incorrect because it does not accurately describe the sequence of processes in respiration. Option D is incorrect as the processes listed in option A are indeed involved in respiration.
Partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired and expired air is respectively
- A. 158 and 116 mm Hg
- B. 158 and 40 mm Hg
- C. 100 and 95 mm Hg
- D. 40 and 95 mm hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (158 and 116 mm Hg) because in inspired air, the partial pressure of oxygen is around 158 mm Hg, which corresponds to the atmospheric oxygen level. During expiration, some oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in oxygen partial pressure to around 116 mm Hg.
Choice B is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in expired air is not as high as 40 mm Hg, which is too low for the oxygen content in the air we breathe.
Choice C is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is not exactly 100 mm Hg, and the partial pressure in expired air is not as close to 95 mm Hg.
Choice D is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is not as low as 40 mm Hg, and the partial pressure in expired air is not as high as 95 mm Hg.