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A 25-year-old woman presents with cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia. On pelvic examination, the uterus is retroverted, and a tender, nodular mass is palpated behind the uterus. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be responsible for these findings?

  • A. Endometriosis
  • B. Adenomyosis
  • C. Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
  • D. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The scenario described, including cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, retroverted uterus, and a nodular mass behind the uterus, is most indicative of endometriosis. Endometriosis is a gynecological condition in which tissue similar to the endometrium (the tissue that lines the uterus) is found outside the uterus, typically on structures within the pelvis. The presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations can lead to symptoms such as pelvic pain, especially during menstruation (dysmenorrhea), painful intercourse (dyspareunia), and the formation of nodular masses (endometriomas) that can be felt on pelvic examination. It is important to note that while adenomyosis and uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) can also cause pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea, the specific findings of retroverted uterus and palpable nodular mass behind

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A patient with a suspected spinal injury is found unconscious. Which of the following actions should be taken first?

  • A. Move the patient to a flat surface.
  • B. Perform a jaw thrust maneuver.
  • C. Apply a cervical collar.
  • D. Check for responsiveness.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a patient with a suspected spinal injury is found unconscious, the priority action is to secure the airway without jeopardizing the cervical spine. A jaw thrust maneuver is the appropriate technique to open the airway in this situation because it allows for the maintenance of neutral alignment of the cervical spine while ensuring proper ventilation. Moving the patient to a flat surface or applying a cervical collar could potentially worsen the spinal injury if not done correctly, and checking for responsiveness should only be done after ensuring a patent airway. Therefore, the safest and most effective initial action is to perform a jaw thrust maneuver to establish a clear airway.

What condition is NOT likely to developing Sherry?

  • A. Hyperkalemia
  • B. Tooth decay
  • C. Gastric ulcer
  • D. Rectal bleeding
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Sherry is a type of fortified wine produced in Spain. It is not associated with the development of hyperkalemia, which is a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood. Hyperkalemia is commonly caused by kidney dysfunction, certain medications, or excessive intake of potassium-rich foods. Drinking Sherry is not likely to cause hyperkalemia. On the other hand, Sherry consumption can potentially contribute to tooth decay, gastric ulcers, and rectal bleeding due to its acidity and alcohol content.

Which of the following conditions is characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, resulting in bone thinning and increased risk of fractures?

  • A. Osteoarthritis
  • B. Osteomyelitis
  • C. Osteoporosis
  • D. Osteomalacia
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption (breakdown of bone tissue) and bone formation, leading to bone thinning and increased risk of fractures. In osteoporosis, bones become weak and porous, making them more prone to fractures even with minor trauma. This condition is common in postmenopausal women and older individuals. Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, gender, family history, lack of physical activity, low calcium and vitamin D intake, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications, including adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercises, and sometimes medication to help slow down bone loss and reduce fracture risk. Early detection and management of osteoporosis are crucial to prevent fractures and maintain bone health.

The universal health law focuses on the population. If a pregnant woman has been found and diagnosed to have preeclampsia, the focus of health care is on the ________.

  • A. Population group
  • B. Community
  • C. Individual
  • D. Family
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When a pregnant woman is diagnosed with preeclampsia, the focus of health care shifts to the individual woman herself. Preeclampsia is a serious condition that affects the health of the pregnant woman and her unborn child. The healthcare team will prioritize the care and treatment of the woman to ensure her well-being and safety. In this scenario, the emphasis is on providing personalized and targeted care to address the needs of the individual patient, rather than a broader focus on population groups, communities, or families.

Physiologic jaundice among newborn babies usually occur on, which of the following? It occurs ________.

  • A. Within 24 hours from birth
  • B. 7 days after birth
  • C. Upon birth
  • D. Between the 2nd and the 3rd day after birth
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Physiologic jaundice among newborn babies typically occurs between the 2nd and the 3rd day after birth. This type of jaundice is considered normal and harmless and is caused by the breakdown of red blood cells and the immaturity of the newborn baby's liver in processing bilirubin. The bilirubin levels rise in the blood, leading to a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes. This type of jaundice usually peaks around the 3rd to 4th day after birth and then gradually resolves without treatment within the first week of life. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor bilirubin levels and ensure that they do not reach dangerous levels that could potentially harm the newborn.

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