Nokea
A 26-year-old man was adopted. What health information related to his biological parents and family will be most useful to him when he gets married (select all that apply)?
- A. Cholecystitis occurring in family members
- B. Occurrence of prostate cancer in one uncle
- C. Ages of family members diagnosed with diseases
- D. Kidney stones present in extended family members
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Information about specific diseases like prostate cancer, ages of diagnosis, and causes of death provide critical insights into potential hereditary risks, making them highly relevant for future health planning.
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Mutations in which of the following genes are considered a risk factor for Crohn's disease?
- A. TLR-4
- B. NOD2
- C. NADPH oxidase
- D. IL-2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: NOD2. Mutations in the NOD2 gene have been strongly associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease. NOD2 is involved in the immune response to bacteria in the gut, and mutations in this gene can lead to dysregulation of the immune system, contributing to the development of Crohn's disease.
A: TLR-4 is involved in the recognition of bacterial components but mutations in this gene are not strongly linked to Crohn's disease.
C: NADPH oxidase is important for the production of reactive oxygen species in immune cells but mutations in this gene are not known to be a risk factor for Crohn's disease.
D: IL-2 is a cytokine involved in immune regulation but mutations in this gene are not associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease.
An immune response to polysaccharide subunit vaccines can be obtained
- A. If the vaccines is administered with adjuvants
- B. Only after multiple booster injections
- C. Only if administered orally
- D. If the polysaccharide subunit is coupled to a protein carrier
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because coupling the polysaccharide subunit to a protein carrier enhances the immune response by converting the T-independent response to a T-dependent response. This allows for the induction of memory B cells and long-lasting immunity. Adjuvants (choice A) may enhance immune response but are not essential for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Multiple booster injections (choice B) are not required for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines as a single dose can induce a robust immune response. Administering orally (choice C) is not the only route for obtaining an immune response to polysaccharide subunit vaccines.
Hfr strains of bacteria:
- A. do not have an 'F' (fertility) factor.
- B. have an 'F' factor plasmid.
- C. have an 'F' factor integrated in the bacterial chromosome.
- D. transfer the genetic information to other bacteria with ow frequency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Hfr strains of bacteria have the F factor integrated into their bacterial chromosome. This integration allows for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation. This integration results in a high frequency of genetic information transfer to recipient cells, which is a characteristic of Hfr strains.
Choice A is incorrect because Hfr strains do have the F factor, but it is integrated into their chromosome, not absent. Choice B is incorrect because Hfr strains do not just have an F factor plasmid; it is integrated into the chromosome. Choice D is incorrect because Hfr strains actually transfer genetic information with high frequency, not low frequency.
Which delivery system would be used to deliver regional chemotherapy for metastasis from a primary colorectal cancer?
- A. Intrathecal
- B. Intraarterial
- C. Intravenous
- D. Intraperitoneal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intraarterial chemotherapy delivers drugs directly to the arterial supply of the tumor, useful for metastatic colorectal cancer.
While caring for an 84-year-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance, recognizing what as a normal change of aging?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Decreased insensible fluid loss
- D. Increased plasma oncotic pressures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elderly individuals often experience hyponatremia due to reduced thirst sensation, impaired renal function, and decreased ability to concentrate urine.