Nokea
A 35-year-old man was diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis. What is the vector of the causative agent?
- A. Sandfly
- B. Tick
- C. Mosquito
- D. Tsetse fly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sandfly. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. These tiny insects are known vectors for Leishmania parasites. Sandflies are active during dusk and night, feeding on blood from mammals, including humans. Tick (B), mosquito (C), and tsetse fly (D) are not vectors for Leishmania parasites. Ticks transmit diseases like Lyme disease, mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria, and tsetse flies transmit African trypanosomiasis. Therefore, the correct vector for cutaneous leishmaniasis is the sandfly due to its specific role in transmitting the Leishmania parasite.
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... structure of bacteria are:
- A. Nucleus
- B. Capsule - non-essential
- C. Mitochondria
- D. Cytoplasmic membrane - essential
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cytoplasmic membrane - essential. The cytoplasmic membrane is a crucial structure in bacteria as it regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, provides structural support, and is essential for maintaining cell integrity. Without a functional cytoplasmic membrane, bacteria would not be able to survive.
A: Nucleus is incorrect because bacteria do not have a true nucleus.
B: Capsule - non-essential is incorrect because while the capsule provides protection and helps in adherence, it is not essential for bacterial survival.
C: Mitochondria is incorrect because bacteria do not have mitochondria; they generate energy through other mechanisms.
In summary, the cytoplasmic membrane is essential for bacterial survival, making it the correct choice among the options provided.
Which one of the following growth media is used to cultivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
- A. Lowestein-Jensen
- B. Loefllers's
- C. All of the above
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lowestein-Jensen. This is because Lowestein-Jensen medium is specifically designed to cultivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, providing necessary nutrients and conditions for its growth. Loefller's medium is not optimal for cultivating M. tuberculosis. Choice C (All of the above) is incorrect as not all the options listed are suitable for cultivating M. tuberculosis. Choice D (None of the above) is also incorrect as Lowestein-Jensen is indeed the recommended growth medium for this bacterium.
Which of the following bunyaviruses is not arthropod-borne?
- A. Phlebovirus
- B. Hantavirus
- C. Nairovirus
- D. Uukuvirus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hantavirus. Hantaviruses are not arthropod-borne, unlike the other choices. Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans primarily through contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. Phlebovirus (A), Nairovirus (C), and Uukuvirus (D) are all bunyaviruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks. Therefore, Hantavirus is the correct answer as it is not transmitted by arthropods.
Which one is NOT included in the non-specific immune response
- A. Lysozyme
- B. Memory cells
- C. Interferon
- D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Memory cells are not part of the non-specific immune response because they are a component of the specific immune response. Non-specific immune responses are immediate and target a broad range of pathogens, whereas memory cells are formed after exposure to a specific pathogen to provide a quicker and stronger response upon subsequent exposure.
Lysozyme (A), Interferon (C), and Phagocytosis (D) are all part of the non-specific immune response. Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls, interferon helps to inhibit viral replication, and phagocytosis involves the engulfing and destruction of pathogens by phagocytes. These responses are not specific to particular pathogens and are the body's first line of defense.
A patient presented with fever, malaise, and an ulcerated lesion. A Gram stain of the lesion revealed large, Gram-positive rods. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Bacillus anthracis
- B. Clostridium perfringens
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Bacillus cereus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis is the likely causative agent as it is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium known to cause ulcerated lesions with associated fever and malaise. Anthrax typically presents with these symptoms and fits the description given in the question. Clostridium perfringens (Choice B) causes gas gangrene and typically presents with different symptoms. Clostridium tetani (Choice C) causes tetanus and is not associated with ulcerated lesions. Bacillus cereus (Choice D) is known for causing food poisoning and does not typically present with the symptoms described in the question.