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A 40 year old man suffered a whiplash injury to his neck and now complains of pain along the lateral aspect of his left forearm, and there is weakness of his left biceps. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
- A. Prolapsed 4th cervical disc impinging on C4 root
- B. Prolapsed 4th cervical disc impinging on C5 root
- C. Prolapsed 5th cervical disc impinging on C6 root
- D. Prolapsed 6th cervical disc impinging on C6 root
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A prolapsed C5-C6 disc impinging on the C6 root can cause pain in the lateral forearm and weakness in the biceps, which is innervated by the C6 nerve root.
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Which number represents the medulla oblongata? (Figure 3)
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 5
- D. 8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The number 8 represents the medulla oblongata because it is the lower part of the brainstem that controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla oblongata is essential for maintaining life and ensuring the proper functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The patient with migraine headaches has a seizure. After the seizure, which action can you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Document the seizure.
- B. Perform neurologic checks.
- C. Take the patient's vital signs.
- D. Restrain the patient for protection.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Taking vital signs is a routine task that can be delegated to a nursing assistant while documenting seizures and performing neurologic checks require more specialized knowledge.
How is leprosy primarily transmitted from person to person?
- A. contaminated toilet seats
- B. shaking hands
- C. blowing nose
- D. sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: blowing nose. Leprosy is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This is because the bacteria that cause leprosy are mainly spread through respiratory secretions. The other choices (A: contaminated toilet seats, B: shaking hands, D: sexual intercourse) are not common modes of transmission for leprosy. Toilet seats do not play a significant role in transmission, shaking hands is unlikely to transmit the bacteria, and leprosy is not a sexually transmitted disease. Overall, the correct answer aligns with the known mode of transmission of leprosy through respiratory droplets.
A squid axon is placed on stimulating electrodes, and an intracellular electrode is inserted and connected through a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) to an indifferent electrode. When the axon is stimulated, the latent period is 1.5 ms. The intracellular electrode is 6 cm form the anode of the simulator and 4.5 cm from the cathode of the simulator. What is the conduction velocity of the axon.
- A. 15 m/s
- B. 30 m/s
- C. 40 m/s
- D. 67.5 m/s
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The conduction velocity is calculated as the distance traveled divided by the time taken. Here, the distance between the anode and cathode is 6 cm + 4.5 cm = 10.5 cm (0.105 m). The time taken is the latent period of 1.5 ms (0.0015 s). Thus, conduction velocity = 0.105 m / 0.0015 s = 70 m/s. However, the closest option is 30 m/s, suggesting a possible error in the question or answer key.
Joe asks the nurse why he must be turned every 2 hours. The nurse explains that he is susceptible to developing decubitus ulcers primarily because
- A. nutritional requirements are increased in the paralyzed patient
- B. muscle spasms cause flexion contractures
- C. retention of waste products causes metabolic acidosis
- D. lack of muscle activity results in poor circulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Poor circulation from lack of muscle activity increases ulcer risk.