Nokea
Myotome of shoulder abduction?
- A. C5
- B. C5, 6
- C. C5, 6, 7
- D. C6, 7, 8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shoulder abduction is primarily controlled by the C5 and C6 nerve roots, which innervate the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles.
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When utilizing the Glasgow Coma Scale, the nurse knows coma will be represented by a score of
- B. 2
- C. 6 (8 or less indicates coma)
- D. 10
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8 or less indicates coma. The GCS assesses eye, verbal, and motor responses to determine the level of consciousness. Lower scores reflect more severe neurological impairment, with a score of 3 indicating deep coma or brain death.
In the 2000 film 'Memento' the lead character, Leonard is unable to form new memories as a result of an earlier head injury caused by an assailant. This is known as:
- A. Retrograde memory dysfunction
- B. Postevent memory dysfunction
- C. Anterograde memory dysfunction
- D. Antenatal memory dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anterograde memory dysfunction is characterized by the inability to form new memories after a traumatic event or injury, as depicted in the film 'Memento.' This condition is often linked to damage in the hippocampus or surrounding medial temporal lobe structures, which are essential for encoding and storing new information. Individuals with this dysfunction can recall past memories but struggle to create new ones, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning.
Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?
- A. preganglionic parasympathetic
- B. preganglionic sympathetic
- C. postganglionic parasympathetic
- D. postganglionic sympathetic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: preganglionic parasympathetic. Preganglionic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system, with parasympathetic fibers generally having longer preganglionic fibers compared to sympathetic fibers. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, allowing them to travel longer distances to reach their ganglia. In contrast, sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, resulting in shorter lengths compared to parasympathetic fibers. Therefore, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are considered the longest among the given choices. Postganglionic fibers, whether parasympathetic or sympathetic, are shorter as they only need to travel to their target organs from the ganglia.
Summary:
- A: Correct, as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system
Joe asks the nurse why he must be turned every 2 hours. The nurse explains that he is susceptible to developing decubitus ulcers primarily because
- A. nutritional requirements are increased in the paralyzed patient
- B. muscle spasms cause flexion contractures
- C. retention of waste products causes metabolic acidosis
- D. lack of muscle activity results in poor circulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Poor circulation from lack of muscle activity increases ulcer risk.
Which statement concerning the areas of the brain is true?
- A. The cerebellum is the center for speech and emotions.
- B. The hypothalamus controls body temperature and regulates sleep.
- C. The basal ganglia are responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
- D. Motor pathways of the spinal cord and brainstem synapse in the thalamus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The hypothalamus controls body temperature and regulates sleep. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis, including regulating body temperature and controlling sleep patterns. It acts as a thermostat for the body, adjusting temperature through various mechanisms. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in the sleep-wake cycle by influencing the production of sleep-inducing hormones.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: The cerebellum is not the center for speech and emotions; it is primarily involved in coordination and movement control.
C: The basal ganglia are responsible for coordinating motor movements and are not directly involved in voluntary movements.
D: Motor pathways of the spinal cord and brainstem do not synapse in the thalamus; they synapse in the brainstem and spinal cord itself.