Microbiology Basic and Clinical Principles Test Bank

Microbiology Basic and Clinical Principles Test Bank Related

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A 45-year-old patient, a sailor, was hospitalized on the 2nd day of the disease. A week ago he returned from India. Complains of body temperature of 41oC, severe headache, dyspnea, cough with frothy rusty sputum. Objectively: the patient is pale, mucous membranes are cyanotic, breathing rate - 24/min, tachycardia is present. In lungs: diminished breath sounds, moist rales over both lungs, crepitation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • A. Pneumonic plaque
  • B. Miliary tuberculosis
  • C. Influenza
  • D. Ornithosis
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis is A: Pneumonic plague. The patient's symptoms align with the presentation of pneumonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, dyspnea, cough with bloody sputum, and cyanosis. The characteristic bubonic plague lymphadenopathy may be absent in the pneumonic form. The patient's recent travel history to India also raises suspicion, as plague is endemic in some regions. The other choices can be ruled out based on the patient's symptoms and presentation. Miliary tuberculosis typically presents with diffuse miliary nodules on imaging. Influenza typically presents with more generalized symptoms and does not usually cause rusty sputum. Ornithosis is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci and usually presents with pneumonia-like symptoms after exposure to infected birds.

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The term infection is equivalent to:

  • A. Infectious process
  • B. Infectious disease
  • C. ahh
  • D. None of them
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Infectious process. The term "infection" refers to the invasion of a host organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. It encompasses the entire process from the initial entry of the pathogen to the host's response and resolution. Choice B, "Infectious disease," is incorrect as it specifically refers to the clinical manifestation of an infection. Choice C is irrelevant, and Choice D is incorrect as the term "infection" is indeed equivalent to the infectious process.

Immunity after single vaccination against tetanus - application of tetanus toxoid is:

  • A. intense and usually life long
  • B. of limited duration, booster vaccinations are needed
  • C. infectious (non-sterile)
  • D. no correct answer
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Immunity after a single tetanus vaccination is of limited duration, usually around 10 years. Booster vaccinations are needed to maintain protection due to waning immunity over time. Choice A is incorrect as immunity is not usually lifelong. Choice C is incorrect as tetanus toxoid is a sterile vaccine and does not cause infection. Choice D is also incorrect as there is a correct answer, which is B.

A patient with fever, headache, and neck stiffness had a cerebrospinal fluid sample showing Gram-negative diplococci. What is the most likely causative agent?

  • A. Neisseria meningitidis
  • B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • C. Haemophilus influenzae
  • D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisseria meningitidis. This is because Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus known to cause bacterial meningitis, presenting with fever, headache, and neck stiffness. It is a common cause of meningitis in young adults and teenagers. Streptococcus pneumoniae (B) is a Gram-positive bacteria and a common cause of bacterial pneumonia, not meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae (C) is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that can cause meningitis, but it is less common in adults. Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) is a Gram-negative bacillus known to cause pneumonia and urinary tract infections, not meningitis.

What is the structure of bacterial flagella?

  • A. 9+2 microtubule arrangement
  • B. protein filaments made of flagellin
  • C. lipid bilayer
  • D. peptidoglycan layer
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: protein filaments made of flagellin. Bacterial flagella are composed of flagellin proteins arranged in helical filaments. This structure allows for movement and propulsion of bacteria.

A: 9+2 microtubule arrangement is incorrect because this structure is typically found in eukaryotic flagella, not bacterial flagella.
C: Lipid bilayer is incorrect as it is a structural component of cell membranes, not bacterial flagella.
D: Peptidoglycan layer is incorrect as it is a component of bacterial cell walls, not flagella.

Name the halogen-containing antiseptic with fungicidal properties, which is used to treat dermatomycosis:

  • A. Iodine solution
  • B. Formalin solution
  • C. Methylene blue
  • D. Brilliant green
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale:
1. Iodine solution contains iodine, a halogen with antiseptic properties.
2. Iodine is effective against fungi, making it suitable for treating dermatomycosis.
3. Iodine solution is commonly used in dermatology for its fungicidal properties.
4. Formalin, methylene blue, and brilliant green do not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
Summary:
- Formalin is a disinfectant, not an antiseptic for dermatomycosis.
- Methylene blue is an antifungal dye, not used as an antiseptic.
- Brilliant green is an antiseptic, but does not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.

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