A 6 months old boy presents with respiratory distress and feeding difficulty. On examination heart rate is 130/min and there is a pansystolic murmur at left lower sternal border. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Mitral regurgitation
- B. Mitral valve prolapse
- C. Ventricular septal defect
- D. Coarctation of aorta
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) commonly presents with a pansystolic murmur and symptoms of congestive heart failure in infancy.
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minutes of birth may be as high as:
- A. 50
- B. 60
- C. 80
- D. 100
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The number of minutes in an hour is 60. Therefore, the maximum number of minutes at birth can only be 60 minutes in an hour. Since the options provided are all above 60, the highest plausible option is 100 minutes, making option D the correct answer.
The nurse is caring for a client who is HIV positive. To prevent the spread of the HIV virus, what do the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend?
- A. Universal blood and body fluid precautions
- B. Body systems isolation
- C. Laminar flow room during active infection
- D. Needle and syringe precautions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend universal blood and body fluid precautions for preventing the spread of the HIV virus. These precautions are designed to protect healthcare workers and patients from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Universal precautions involve treating all blood and body fluids from all individuals as potentially infectious. This includes using personal protective equipment (such as gloves, gowns, and masks), proper handling and disposal of needles and other sharps, and following appropriate infection control practices. By implementing universal precautions, healthcare providers can minimize the risk of transmission of HIV and other bloodborne pathogens.
A patient is diagnosed with acute bacterial conjunctivitis. In providing patient teaching the nurse would tell the patient that this condition is more commonly known as which of the following?
- A. Glaucoma
- B. Color blindness
- C. Astigmatism
- D. Pinkeye
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly known as "pinkeye." This condition is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva (the thin transparent layer covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids) due to a bacterial infection. It is a common eye condition that can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and a discharge from the eye. Treatment often involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments to help clear the infection. It is important for patients with pinkeye to practice good hygiene, avoid sharing towels or pillows, and wash hands frequently to prevent the spread of infection to others.
An oncology nurse educator is speaking to a women's group about breast cancer. Questions and comments from the audience reveal a misunderstanding of some aspects of the disease. Various members of the audience have made all of the following statements. Which one is accurate?
- A. Mammography is the most reliable method for detecting breast cancer.
- B. Breast cancer is the leading killer of women of childbearing age.
- C. Breast cancer requires a mastectomy.
- D. Men can develop breast cancer.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: While all the statements made by the audience members may have been common misconceptions, the only one that is accurate is that men can develop breast cancer. Although it is less common in men than in women, breast cancer can still affect males. It is important for everyone to be aware of the risks and symptoms of breast cancer, regardless of gender.
For a client in addisonian crisis, it would be very risky for a nurse to administer:
- A. potassium chloride.
- B. hydrocortisone.
- C. normal saline solution
- D. fludrocortisone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Addisonian crisis, also known as acute adrenal crisis, is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a severe deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone hormones, usually resulting from adrenal gland insufficiency. In this situation, it is crucial to administer hydrocortisone (a synthetic form of cortisol) promptly to replace the lacking hormone. Potassium levels in individuals experiencing an Addisonian crisis can be elevated due to the lack of aldosterone, which normally helps regulate electrolyte levels such as potassium. Therefore, administering potassium chloride in this scenario can lead to further complications and exacerbate the existing electrolyte imbalance. In contrast, normal saline solution can help with fluid and electrolyte balance, and fludrocortisone can be administered to replace the deficient aldosterone.