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A Alexandrovich, A. B. (2016). An evidence-based approach to addressing healthcare issues of the LGBTQ community. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(9), 607-613.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Federal regulations require that institutions receiving federal funding or conducting studies of drugs or medical devices regulated by the Food and Drug Administration establish institutional review boards (IRBs). The IRBs review studies conducted in the institution to determine the risk status of the studies and to ensure that ethical principles are followed. While organizations may have internal procedures for conducting research, such as including surgeons, the director of nursing, the pharmacy director, and staff, these are not government mandates. The type of study, such as randomized-controlled study, will be determined by the nurse in collaboration with the prescriber and approval of the IRB.
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A nurse is conducting qualitative research to study the culture of Native Alaskans and how their diet affects their overall state of health. Which method of research is the nurse using?
- A. Historical
- B. Ethnography
- C. Grounded theory
- D. Phenomenology
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethnographic research was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nurses. Historical research examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today. The basis of grounded theory methodology is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. The purpose of phenomenology (both a philosophy and a research method) is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied.
A nurse is formulating a clinical question using the PICOT format. The nurse begins with determining the 'P,' which focuses on which element?
- A. Comparison to another similar protocol
- B. Clearly defined, focused literature review of procedures
- C. Specific identification of the purpose of the study
- D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The P in the PICOT format represents an explicit description of the patient population of interest. I represents the intervention, C represents the comparison, O stands for the outcome, and T stands for the time.
A nursing student questions the primary nurse about instilling air into a nasogastric tube to confirm placement, when they learned that x-ray validation of the tube's tip in the stomach reflects best practice. The student is validating safe nursing practice with which type of knowledge?
- A. Instinctive knowledge
- B. Scientific knowledge
- C. Authoritative knowledge
- D. Traditional knowledge
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Scientific knowledge is obtained through the scientific method or research; this leads to evidence-based practice. Instinct, such as 'I feel this is correct,' is not a source of knowledge. Traditional knowledge is the part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation, often without research data to support it. Examples include daily bathing and changing bed linens each day. Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person's perceived expertise.
A charge nurse meets with staff to outline a plan to provide transcultural nursing care for patients in their health care facility. The charge nurse explains that transcultural care as the central theme of nursing care, knowledge, and practice was promoted by which theorist?
- A. Madeline Leininger
- B. Jean Watson
- C. Dorothy E. Johnson
- D. Betty Newman
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Madeline Leininger's theory provides the foundations of transcultural nursing care by making caring the central theme of nursing. Jean Watson stated that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. The central theme of Dorothy E. Johnson's theory is that problems arise because of disturbances in the system or subsystem or functioning below optimal level. Betty Newman proposed that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and the major nursing focus is keeping the patient system stable through accurate assessment of these stressors.
A nurse is conducting quantitative research to examine which of two types of silicone foam sacral dressings best prevent pressure injuries in bedridden patients. What type of research is the nurse conducting?
- A. Descriptive
- B. Correlational
- C. Quasi-experimental
- D. Experimental
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quasi-experimental research is often conducted in clinical settings to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes. Descriptive research is often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research. Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables. Experimental research examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions.