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A nurse conducting quantitative research hypothesizes that adolescents with anorexia nervosa who participate in outpatient therapy report less depression than those receiving inpatient treatment. What information does the nurse collect to support the hypothesis?
- A. Subjects' demographics
- B. Variables
- C. Data
- D. Instruments
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Data refer to information that the researcher collects from subjects in the study, generally expressed in words, numbers, graphs, and charts. A variable is something (such as conditions, equipment, interventions) that varies and has different values (outcomes) that can be measured. Instruments are devices used to collect and record the data, such as rating scales, pencil-and-paper tests, and biologic measurements.
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A nurse is conducting quantitative research to examine which of two types of silicone foam sacral dressings best prevent pressure injuries in bedridden patients. What type of research is the nurse conducting?
- A. Descriptive
- B. Correlational
- C. Quasi-experimental
- D. Experimental
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quasi-experimental research is often conducted in clinical settings to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes. Descriptive research is often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research. Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables. Experimental research examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions.
A nursing student questions the primary nurse about instilling air into a nasogastric tube to confirm placement, when they learned that x-ray validation of the tube's tip in the stomach reflects best practice. The student is validating safe nursing practice with which type of knowledge?
- A. Instinctive knowledge
- B. Scientific knowledge
- C. Authoritative knowledge
- D. Traditional knowledge
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Scientific knowledge is obtained through the scientific method or research; this leads to evidence-based practice. Instinct, such as 'I feel this is correct,' is not a source of knowledge. Traditional knowledge is the part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation, often without research data to support it. Examples include daily bathing and changing bed linens each day. Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person's perceived expertise.
Nursing students have been assigned to discuss a section of a research article examining 24-hour visitation for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). What topic will the student assigned to the applicability section plan to discuss?
- A. Description of the tool that was used to gather the data
- B. How the results could be used in the student's practice
- C. Statistical methods used to determine the results
- D. Whether informed consent was obtained from the participants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Applicability refers to how study results could be used in practice. Method includes the design and data analysis. Informed consent affirms the patient's right to agree to participate in a study without coercion, to refuse to participate without jeopardizing their care, the right to confidentiality, the right to be protected from harm, and the ability to withdraw from the study at any time.
A nurse is formulating a clinical question using the PICOT format. The nurse begins with determining the 'P,' which focuses on which element?
- A. Comparison to another similar protocol
- B. Clearly defined, focused literature review of procedures
- C. Specific identification of the purpose of the study
- D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The P in the PICOT format represents an explicit description of the patient population of interest. I represents the intervention, C represents the comparison, O stands for the outcome, and T stands for the time.
A Alexandrovich, A. B. (2016). An evidence-based approach to addressing healthcare issues of the LGBTQ community. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(9), 607-613.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Federal regulations require that institutions receiving federal funding or conducting studies of drugs or medical devices regulated by the Food and Drug Administration establish institutional review boards (IRBs). The IRBs review studies conducted in the institution to determine the risk status of the studies and to ensure that ethical principles are followed. While organizations may have internal procedures for conducting research, such as including surgeons, the director of nursing, the pharmacy director, and staff, these are not government mandates. The type of study, such as randomized-controlled study, will be determined by the nurse in collaboration with the prescriber and approval of the IRB.